Listed 63 sub titles with search on: Ancient literary sources for wider area of: "MARMARA Region TURKEY" .
ACHILLION (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town in Asia Minor near the mouth of the Scamander.
ADRAMYTION (Ancient city) TURKEY
A city taken by Achilles.
ADRASTIA (Ancient city) MYSIA
A city, allied with Troy.
AGORA (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town in the Chersonese of Thrace.
ALEXANDRIA TROAS (Ancient city) TURKEY
City of Troad.
ALIZONES (Ancient country) VITHYNIA
Trojan allies.
ANTANDROS (Ancient city) TURKEY
ARTAKI (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town near Cyzicus.
ASTAKOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Old name of Nicomedia in Bithynia.
AVYDOS (Ancient city) MARMARA
A town on the Hellespont, bridge there.
BOZCAADA (Island) TURKEY
Island, afterwards called Tenedos, old name of Tenedos.
CHALKIDON (Ancient city) TURKEY
On the Hellespont, its site compared with that of Byzantium, taken by Otanes, burnt by Phoenicians.
DARDANELLES (Sea strait) CANAKKALE
Grave of Memnon at, Pausanias at, sea-fights at, its length and breadth, despots of places by it with Darius' Scythian expedition, Darius' passage of it in his return, Hellespontian towns subdued by Ionian rebels, reconquered by Darius, Hellespont scourged by Xerxes for the destruction of his bridge, bridged again, Xerxes' passage, Hellespontians in his fleet, Persian governors of towns there, Greek decision not to sail to the Hellespont after Salamis, bridges there found broken, named after Helle, Herakles drives some of the kine of Geryon to the.
DARDANIA (Ancient country) TURKEY
Country named after Dardanus.
DARDANOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
A city built by Dardanus, on the Hellespont.
ELEOUS (Ancient city) TURKEY
City in Chersonese sacred to Protesilaus.
GOKCEADA (Island) TURKEY
In the N.E. Aegean.
KARDIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town in the Thracian Chersonese (peninsula of Gallipoli), on Xerxes' line of march, destroyed by Lysimachus.
KOLONES (Ancient city) TURKEY
Town of Troad.
KYZIKOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
People of C. transfer Proconnesians to, fragrant oil of.
LAMPSAKOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Ιn the Troad, on the Hellespont, its hostility to Miltiades, people of L., saved from wrath of Alexander by Anaximenes, they set up statue of Anaximenes at Olympia, they worship Priapus.
LYSIMACHIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
City on isthmus of Thracian Chersonese, founded by Lysimachus, Seleucus murdered at.
MYSIA (Ancient country) TURKEY
District of Asia, Mysian plain mistaken by Greeks for Troy, Greeks under Agamemnon defeated in, town of Pioniae in, plagued by a wild boar, Mysians "brothers" of the Carians, their tribute to Persia, legendary Mysian and Teucrian invasion of Europe, Mysians in Xerxes' army, with Mardonius at Plataea, the Argonauts in, Herakles in, Teuthras, prince of, Auge and Telephus in, ravaged by the Greek army against Troy, allied with Troy, Gauls destroyed in.
NIKOMIDIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
City of Bithynia, called after Nicomedes, formerly named Astacus, temple of Aesculapius and sword of Memnon at, Nicomedians.
PAKTYI (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town at the head of the Thracian Chersonese.
PEDEON (Homeric city) TROAS
City.
PERINTHOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
A European town on the Propontis, its war with the Paeonians and conquest by the Persians, burnt by Phoenicians, successfully defended against Philip.
PIONIES (Ancient city) TURKEY
Town of Mysia.
PROKONISSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town on the Propontis, burnt by Phoenicians, people of Proconnesus transferred to Cyzicus.
SISTOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
In the Thracian Chersonese, on the Hellespont, Darius' crossing there, Xerxes' bridge near it, siege and capture of Sestus by the Greeks.
TROY (Ancient city) TURKEY
And the Troad, Rhesus at, Herakles at, the war of, Herakles rescues Hesione from a sea monster at, visited by the wrath of Apollo and Poseidon for the faithlessness of Laomedon, named after Tros, besieged, dying Alexander (Paris) carried to, expedition of Herakles against, not to be taken without Achilles, Achilles goes to, Alexander comes with Helen to, Agamemnon musters an army against, Trojan war, to be taken after ten years, Telephus shows the Greeks the way to, the Greeks make sail for, not to be taken without the bow of Herakles, Philoctetes comes to, Helenus leaves, not to be taken while the Palladium was within the walls, the sons of Theseus come to, laid waste by the Greeks, settlements of dispersed Trojans, Hermione betrothed to Neoptolemus at, Elephenor dies in, Amphilochus comes later to, Otanes the Persian governor in district of, Hymaees the Persian dies there, Xerxes desires to see the citadel of Priam, the Locrians send maidens to propitiate Athena at.
VISSANTHI (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town on the Hellespont.
VYZANTION (Ancient city) TURKEY
Pillars erected by Darius on the Bosporus brought to, belongs to Hellespont region, beauty of its site, taken by Otanes, annexed by Ionian rebels, occupied by Histiaeus, Artabazus there in return to Asia, walls of Byzantium.
ASSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
At Assos in Troas, there is found a stone of a laminated texture, called "sarcophagus." It is a well-known fact, that dead bodies, when buried in this stone, are consumed in the course of forty days, with the sole exception of the teeth. According to Mucianus, too, mirrors, body-scrapers, garments, and shoes, that have been buried with the dead, become transformed into stone. In Lycia, and in the East, there are certain stones of a similar nature, which, when attached to the bodies of the living even, corrode the flesh.
Sarcophagus properly an epithet of lapis, a flesh-eating stone from Assos in the
Troad, in which Pliny (H. N. ii. 211; xxxvi. 161) says bodies were buried, and
consumed all but the teeth within forty days. The word has come to be commonly
used for any coffin (e. g. Juv. x. 172), and especially for a coffin in stone
with sculptural decorations. The introduction of these into Greece and Rome was
due to foreign influence; and they are not found in either before the period of
decline. In Egypt they existed from the earliest period, and they were thence
introduced into Phoenicia. But the object among these people, as well as in Greece
and Rome, was to preserve the body, not to destroy it; hence the name sarcophagus
is peculiarly inappropriate.
We may distinguish the coffin for the reception of the body, inside
the tomb, often plain and sometimes cut in the solid rock, from the ornamental
erection of a similar shape placed in a conspicuous position to serve as a monument.
But the ornamentation of the one was naturally enough often transferred to the
other.
The Egyptian sarcophagus was, as the dwelling of the deceased, sometimes
made in the form of a house; and a similar architectural form is found in Greece
and Rome. The earliest sarcophagus showing the influence of Greek style comes
from Cyprus (see image);
here we see the myth of the Gorgon and a hunting scene, on other sides a banquet
and a chariot group. Unfortunately, there is no trustworthy record of its discovery.
In Lycia, the tomb often takes the form of a large sarcophagus mounted on a base;
scenes of life, such as fights and banquets, are favourite subjects. In Greece
we do not find sarcophagi till the Hellenistic period, when foreign influences
were common. They were at first, like those of Asia Minor, intended as visible
monuments outside the tomb; and accordingly we find that the reliefs are never
allowed to interfere with the lines of the architectural form (see image).
The subjects are often purely decorative; often children are represented in various
employments, perhaps because their short and plump figures best suit the field
to be filled. Mythological subjects also occur, such as the combat with the Amazons,
and a few other scenes.
Sarcophagi of stone with architectural decoration were made in Rome
as early as the third century (e. g. the famous ones from the tomb of the Scipios);
but the marble ones with scenes in relief belong to imperial times, and are not
common till the second century A.D. These form by far the most numerous class
of sarcophagi, and are usually meant when the word is used. Partly because they
were usually inside the tomb, partly from want of artistic feeling, the reliefs
are less subordinate to the structural form; they are often crowded with figures,
and even the corners are not clear (see image).
The back is usually plain. The execution of these varies from fair Graeco-Roman
work to the last and worst attempts of classical art; but the style does not rise
above that of handicraft, and figures and groups are repeated from conventional
models. The variety of subject is such that it can only be touched on here. A
most extensive gallery of mythological scenes, Dionysiac and other processions,
Muses, and Cupids may be found on them; also scenes from daily life, and sometimes
a succession of scenes, often representing the various ages of man. Sometimes
the same is represented by mythological or mystical symbolism.
Here sarcophagus has been taken to mean stone coffin, but the word
is often loosely used for a coffin of other material, especially of terracotta.
Fine painted terra-cotta coffins, of archaic period, have been found in Asia Minor;
and also in Etruria they are frequent, ornamented with painting or reliefs.. A
figure of the deceased often reclines on the top, as in the smaller Etruscan urns
or boxes for the ashes of the dead, in stone, which may also be regarded as a
variety of sarcophagus.
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Aug 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Sarcophagus (sarkophagos). Literally, "fleshdevouring." A name given to a kind of limestone quarried at Assos in Troas, and remarkable for possessing the peculiar power of consuming or eating away the flesh and bones, with the exception of the teeth, of a body enclosed within it, in the short period of forty days (Pliny , Pliny H. N.xxxvi. 27). On account of this property it was extensively employed for making coffins, when the corpse was buried entire without burning; and thence the term came to be used in a general sense for any kind of coffin or tomb, without regard to the materials of which it was made.
ANTANDROS (Ancient city) TURKEY
To the Assians and the Gargarians now belong all the parts as far as the sea off
Lesbos that are surrounded by the territory of Antandrus and that of the Cebrenians
and Neandrians and Hamaxitans; for the Antandrians are situated above Hamaxitus,
like it being situated inside Lectum, though farther inland and nearer to Ilium,
for they are one hundred and thirty stadia distant from Ilium. Higher up than
these are the Cebrenians, and still higher up than the latter are the Dardanians,
who extend as far as Palaescepsis and Scepsis itself. Antandrus is called by Alcaeus
"city of the Leleges":
First, Antandrus, city of the Leleges
but it is placed by the Scepsian among the cities adjacent to their territory,
so that it would fall within the territory of the Cilicians; for the territory
of the Cilicians is continuous with that of the Leleges, the former, rather than
the latter, marking off the southern flank of Mt. Ida. But still the territory
of the Cilicians also lies low and, rather than that of the Leleges, joins the
part of the coast that is near Adramyttium... Inside is Antandrus, above which
lies a mountain called Alexandreia, where the Judgment of Paris is said to have
taken place, as also Aspaneus, the market for the timber from Mt. Ida; for here
people bring it down and sell it to those who want it. (Strabo 13.1.1)
ASCANIA (Ancient area) MYSIA
Strabo suggests that Homer refers to two different Ascanias: one in Phrygia (Il. 2.863) and another one in Mysia (Il. 13.793), near the posterior city of Nicaea, that both were allies of the Trojans in the War of Troy. The name of their leaders was Ascanius and the geographer says that this synonimity is not remarkable because Homer often used to use synomyms and names of persons after rivers, lakes and places (see Strab. 12,4,5 & 14,5,29).
CHRYSSI (Ancient city) TURKEY
Chrysa was a small town on the sea, with a harbor; and near by, above it, lies Thebe. Here too was the temple of the Sminthian Apollo; and here lived Chryseis. But the place is now utterly deserted; and the temple was transferred to the present Chrysa near Hamaxitus when the Cilicians were driven out, partly to Pamphylia and partly to Hamaxitus.
ENOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Then comes the Haemus Mountain, which reaches the sea here; then Mesembria, a colony of the Megarians, formerly called "Menebria" (that is, "city of Menas," because the name of its founder was Menas, while "bria" is the word for "city" in the Thracian language. In this way, also, the city of Selys is called Selybria and Aenus was once called Poltyobria).
GARGARA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Now while Homer thus describes Lectum and Zeleia as the outermost foothills of Mt. Ida in either direction, he also appropriately distinguishes Gargarus from them as a summit, calling it "topmost." And indeed at the present time people point out in the upper parts of Ida a place called Gargarum, after which the present Gargara, an Aeolian city, is named. Now between Zeleia and Lectum, beginning from the Propontis, are situated first the parts extending to the straits at Abydus, and then, outside the Propontis, the parts extending to Lectum.(Strabo 13.1.5)
To the Assians and the Gargarians now belong all the parts as far as the sea off
Lesbos that are surrounded by the territory of Antandrus and that of the Cebrenians
and Neandrians and Hamaxitans; for the Antandrians are situated above Hamaxitus,
like it being situated inside Lectum, though farther inland and nearer to Ilium,
for they are one hundred and thirty stadia distant from Ilium. Higher up than
these are the Cebrenians, and still higher up than the latter are the Dardanians,
who extend as far as Palaescepsis and Scepsis itself. Antandrus is called by Alcaeus
"city of the Leleges":
First, Antandrus, city of the Leleges
but it is placed by the Scepsian among the cities adjacent to their territory,
so that it would fall within the territory of the Cilicians; for the territory
of the Cilicians is continuous with that of the Leleges, the former, rather than
the latter, marking off the southern flank of Mt. Ida. But still the territory
of the Cilicians also lies low and, rather than that of the Leleges, joins the
part of the coast that is near Adramyttium. For after Lectum one comes to a place
called Polymedium, at a distance of forty stadia; then, at a distance of eighty,
to Assus, slightly above the sea; and then, at a distance of one hundred and twenty,
to Gargara, which lies on a promontory that forms the Adramyttene Gulf, in the
special sense of that term; for the whole of the coast from Lectum to Canae is
also called by this same name, in which is also included the Elaitic Gulf. In
the special sense of the term, however, only that part of it is called Adramyttene
which is enclosed by that promontory on which Gargara lies and the promontory
called Pyrrha, on which the Aphrodisium231 is situated. The breadth of the mouth
across from promontory to promontory is a distance of one hundred and twenty stadia.
(Strabo 13.1.51)
Myrsilus says that Assus was founded by the Methymnaeans; and Hellanicus too calls
it an Aeolian city, just as also Gargara and Lamponia belonged to the Aeolians.
For Gargara was founded by the Assians; but it was not well peopled, for the kings
brought into it colonists from Miletopolis when they devastated that city, so
that instead of Aeolians, according to Demetrius of Scepsis, the inhabitants of
Gargara became semi-barbarians. According to Homer, however, all these places
belonged to the Leleges, who by some are represented to be Carians, although by
Homer they are mentioned apart:
Towards the sea are the Carians and the Paeonians
of the curved bow and the Leleges and the Cauconians. They were therefore a different
people from the Carians; and they lived between the people subject to Aeneias
and the people whom the poet called Cilicians, but when they were pillaged by
Achilles they migrated to Caria and took possession of the district round the
present Halicarnassus. (Strabo 13.1.58)
KIOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Continuous with the Astacene Gulf is another gulf, which runs more nearly towards the rising sun than the former does; and on this gulf is Prusias, formerly called Cius. Cius was razed to the ground by Philip, the son of Demetrius and father of Perseus, and given by him to Prusias the son of Zelas, who had helped him raze both this city and Myrleia, which latter is a neighboring city and also is near Prusa. And Prusias restored them from their ruins and named the city Cius "Prusias" after himself and Myrleia "Apameia" after his wife. This is the Prusias who welcomed Hannibal, when the latter withdrew thither after the defeat of Antiochus, and who retired from Phrygia on the Hellespont in accordance with an agreement made with the Attalici.
This country was in earlier times called Lesser Phrygia, but the Attalici called it Phrygia Epictetus. Above Prusias lies a mountain called Arganthonium. And here is the scene of the myth of Hylas, one of the companions of Heracles who sailed with him on the Argo, and who, when he was going out to get water, was carried off by the nymphs. And when Cius, who was also a companion of Heracles and with him on the voyage, returned from Colchis, he stayed here and founded the city which was named after him. And still to this day a kind of festival is celebrated among the Prusians, a mountain ranging festival, in which they march in procession and call Hylas, as though making their exodus to the forests in quest of him. And having shown a friendly disposition towards the Romans in the conduct of their government, the Prusians obtained freedom.
Eudoxus mentions fish that are "dug up" in Paphlagonia "in dry places," but he does not distinguish the place; and he says that they are dug up "in moist places round the Ascanian Lake below Cius," without saying anything clear on the subject.
KISTHINI (Ancient city) TURKEY
Outside the gulf and the promontory called Pyrrha lies Cisthene, a deserted city with a harbor.
LARISSA (Ancient city) TROAS
In Asia is a Larisa Phryconis near Cyme; and also the Larisa near Hamaxitis in the Troad (Perseus Project - Strabo, Geography 9.5.19)
PERPERINI (Ancient city) TURKEY
Above it, in the interior, lie the copper mine and Perperene and Trarium and other settlements like these two.
PIONIES (Ancient city) TURKEY
After Scepsis come Andeira and Pioniae and the territory of Gargara. (Strab. 13.1.56)
POLYMEDION (Ancient city) AYVACIK
After Lectum one comes to a place called Polymedium, at a distance of forty stadia; then, at a distance of eighty,228 to Assus, slightly above the sea; and then, at a distance of one hundred and twenty,229 to Gargara, which lies on a promontory230 that forms the Adramyttene Gulf, in the special sense of that term; for the whole of the coast from Lectum to Canae is also called by this same name, in which is also included the Elaitic Gulf. (Strab. 13.1.51)
PYRRA (Ancient city) TURKEY
In the special sense of the term, however, only that part of it is called Adramyttene which is enclosed by that promontory on which Gargara lies and the promontory called Pyrrha, on which the Aphrodisium is situated.
THIVI (Ancient city) TURKEY
For by "Troy" he means the part of the mainland that was sacked by him; and, along with other places, Achilles also sacked the country opposite Lesbos in the neighborhood of Thebe and Lyrnessus and Pedasus, which last belonged to the Leleges, and also the country of Eurypylus the son of Telephus.
VISII (Ancient city) TURKEY
Bizye was the royal residence of the Astae.
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