Listed 35 sub titles with search on: History for wider area of: "CORINTHIA Prefecture PELOPONNISOS" .
ISTHMUS KORINTHOS (Isthmus) LOUTRAKI-PERACHORA
If a modern visitor today could imagine the Isthmus of Corinth in
its original, natural state before human purpose and modern technology sliced
a canal through it, he would feel overwhelmed pondering over the excessive hassles
an ancient seafarer had to put up with in order to transport his entire ship and
precious cargo intact across land from shore to shore. To say the least, it must
have been a spectacular feat to slide a ship on a masonry trail known by the name
of - for which ("Corinth of the twin seas") was famous and esteemed
highly in classical antiquity.
Anguish and anxiety were undoubtedly salient features of the Diolkos
experience. Nonetheless, at a time when technology was in a state of infancy,
man's creative mind invented this - all the same cumbersome - method to bypass
a caprice of nature. Of course, seen otherwise, the narrow strip of land which
connected Peloponnisos with the mainland to the north was an unmatched gift which
Nature has bestowed on men. It was quite like a Pandora's Box - if man could only
scale it to a measure which served his diverse needs. The Isthmus of Corinth was
therefore, at the same time, a bliss and a curse of the gods.
Since early times, a number of spirited souls entertained thoughts
of constructing a canal through the Isthmus - in spite of the insurmountable technical
problems such a feat posed. Nonetheless, the record of repeated attempts in this
direction goes to show that human ingenuity and courage were just not good enough.
602 B.C. - 44 B.C.
Ancient writers relate that, in 602 B.C., Periander, Tyrant of Corinth
and one of the Seven Sages of Antiquity, was the first man to seriously consider
the possibility of opening a canal through the Isthmus. Periander is said to have
given up on his plans fearing the wrath of the gods. Pythia, the priestess of
the Delphic Oracle, warned him not to proceed. It is possible that this negative
oracle was provoked by the multitudes of priests in temples around the region
who were concerned about not relinquishing their status of prominence or the influx
of gifts and dedications by god - tearing merchants and seafarers who thronged
lavish Corinth. was an apt ancient remark about the affluent city.
In 307 B.C., about three centuries after Periander, Demetrios Poliorketes
made up his mind to cut a naval passage through the Isthmus. He actually began
excavations before he was talked out of continuing with it by Egyptian engineers,
who predicted that the different sea levels between the Corinthian and the Saronic
Gulfs would inundate Aegina and nearby islands with the sea.
In Roman times - which is to say two and a half centuries after Poliorketes
- Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. and Caligula, in 37 B.C. again courted with the idea.
In 66 A.D., Nero reconsidered earlier plans and, a year later, he set teams of
war prisoners from the Aegean islands and six thousand slave Jews to work on the
canal. They dug out a ditch 3,300 meters in length and 40 meters wide, before
Nero had to rush back to Rome to quell the Galva mutiny. Once there, Nero was
arrested on charges of treason and was sentenced to death in 68 A.D. The unfinished
canal fell to oblivion and was overtaken by tales of superstition and supernatural
lore.
The next historic personality to be associated with the canal of Corinth
was Herod of Atticus. He tried, as also did the Byzantines - but to no avail.
The Venetians were next in line. They commenced digging from the shore
on the Corinthian Gulf but the enormity of the task made them give up overnight.
Thus one attempt after another failed to reverse the inscrutable will
of gods to retain the Isthmus sealed forever. There were many others, whose names
do not survive, who were bewitched by the spell to link their name with such a
superhuman feat.
1830 A.C. - 1893 A.C.
As centuries passed, humanity reached a point where it began to unravel
the secrets of our Universe. Through science and technology, man began to harness
physical powers of an unprecedented magnitude. At long last, the Corinth Canal
appeared within the grasp of man's potential.
Yet the actualization of the dream still had a number of obstacles
to overcome. In the eighteenth century, the Hellenic State having won independence
(in 1830) after nearly four hundred years of Ottoman rule, was missing in material
resources and financial strength to undertake such a costly task. Capodistrias,
contemporary Governor of State, commissioned a special study on the canal project.
The conclusions of that study made Capodistrias abandon further consideration.
Subsequent studies and proposals submitted to the government were likewise evaluated
as unrealistic and unrealizable and met with the same fate.
However, a final push of sufficient threshold energy came to rescue:
Another mammoth-scale canal project, the Suez Canal opened its gates to naval
traffic in 1869. In view of that event, in November 1869 the Zaimis Administration
enacted a law entitled "Opening of the Isthmos of Corinth". Following
that legislation, the government proceeded to assign the project to E. Piat and
M. Chollet, French contractors.
Nevertheless, the pace of events again hearkened to another tune.
The French contract remained only an agreement on paper. Twelve years later, in
1881, another contractor, a Hungarian general by the name of Stefan Tyrr and aide
de camp to Victor Emmanuel established "The International Company of the
Canal of Corinth" and took over the project. Construction of the canal -
a work which was destined to alter all existing sea routes in Greece, the Adriatic,
Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea - began on April 23, 1882. King George
I of Greece was present at the official ground breaking.
It is quite surprising (and a historic irony) that modern engineering
plans followed almost to the point the plans Nero himself has used long ago. In
other words, the 6,300 meters of canal length which Nero had mapped out still
proved to be the most feasible economic alternative.
The Corinth Canal was completed in 1893. By then, the initial contractor
had run dry of funds and was replaced by a Greek Company under Andreas Singros.
Naval traffic in the Corinth Canal was inaugurated in a brilliant
ceremony held on July 25th, 1893. It was indeed a vindication of a dream first
conceived some 2,495 years ago.
As the tab of the Isthmus and the Canal of Corinth comes to an end,
modern man ought to take heed not to fall prey to a common illusion, namely that
the only thing the future has in store for us is our technology and its power.
The future of man kind will also be shaped, for better or worse, by our time-resistant
fantasies and daydreams. The fascinating tale of the Corinth Canal shows that,
even though sentiment and desire of themselves were not sufficient to make a vision
come alive, they nonetheless sustained it long enough until it could be made to
take place.
1923 A.C. - Nowadays
The Canal cuts the Isthmus of Corinth in a straight line 6,346 m.
long. Canal width is 24.6 m. at sea level and 21.3 m. at bottom level. Depth range
is from 7.5 to 8 meters. Twelve million cubic meters of earth had to be removed
to cut out the entire passage.
The rock formations in the flanks of the Corinth Canal are not uniform
throughout. There are several geologic fissures which run in east-west direction
at a vertical angle to the canal axis. These geologic features were responsible
for a number of major landslides into the Canal at several instances. On account
of these landfalls, the Canal often had to be dosed for repairs. From its beginning
until 1940, the Canal had to be closed to traffic for a total of 4 years. The
most serious such incident took place in 1923, when the Canal remained closed
to traffic for 2 years on account of 41,000 cubic meters of earth which had fallen
in.
Another major interruption of operation occurred in 1944, when the
retreating German Army set explosives to the flanks of the Canal and caused 60,000
cubic meters of earth to cave in. To make repairs even more difficult, the Germans
also sunk railroad cars into it. It took 5 years to clear the Canal for traffic
then.
The flow of waters in the Canal alters direction about every 6 hours.
Usual current speed is 2.5 knots, rarely exceeding 3 knots.
The tide level shifts gradually without a set time pattern. High and
low ebb points are not more than 60 centimetres apart.
There are 2 sinking bridges in the Corinth Canal today at Poseidonia
and at Isthmia - to facilitate land traffic over it.
Safety and economy! These prime objectives of modern entrepreneurial
activity are also basic service features for all Corinth Canal clients. The Canal
is the most favourite itinerary for cargoes and transports among Mediterranean
and Black Sea ports because it is the safest and cheapest access route to and
from all destinations.
Finally, the Corinth Canal is also a region of considerable tourist
attractions. Multitudes of vacationers from every race, creed or color converge
here in a spirit of brotherhood to admire not only the gift from the hand of Nature
but also the miracle worked out by the hand of man. They thus promote both the
welfare of this region and the spirit of rapprochement among nations.
This text is cited November 2004 from the Corinth Canal Management Company Periandros S.A. URL below, which contains images
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
Corinth was held by Antigonus, and there was a Macedonian garrison in the city, but Aratus threw them into a panic by the suddenness of his assault, winning a battle and killing among others Persaeus, the commander of the garrison.
Xenophon, Hellenica
LECHEON (Ancient port) CORINTHIA
Elected again to be Boeotarch, and again invading the Peloponnesus with an army of Boeotians, Epaminondas overcame the Lacedaemonians in a battle at Lechaeum.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
Consul, commands Roman army against Achaeans, defeats Achaeans and captures Corinth, completes subjugation of Greece, dedicates shields at Olympia, dedicates images of Zeus at Olympia from Achaean spoils.
SIKYON (Ancient city) CORINTHIA
When they (the Sicyonians) had lost their power there came upon them an earthquake, which almost depopulated their city and took from them many of their famous sights.
HERAION (Ancient sanctuary) LOUTRAKI-PERACHORA
The favourable position of Corinth for commerce could not have escaped
the notice of the Phoenicians, who had settlements on other parts of the Grecian
coast. There can be little doubt that a Phoenician colony at an early period took
possession of the Acrocorinthus. If there were no other evidence for this fact,
it would have been sufficiently proved by the Oriental character of the worship
of Aphrodite in this city, of which a further account is given below. But in addition
to this, the recollection of the early Phoenician settlement was perpetuated by
the Corinthian mountain called Phoenicaeum (Phoinikaion, Ephor. ap. Steph. B.
s. v.), and by the worship of the Phoenician Athena (Phoinike he Athena en Korinthoi,
Tzetzes, ad Lycophr. 658.)
Thucydides mentions (iv. 42) Aeolians as the inhabitants of Corinth
at the time of the Dorian invasion; but there can be no doubt that Ionians also
formed a considerable part of the population in the earliest times, since Ionians
were in possession of the coasts on either side of the Isthmus, and on the Isthmus
itself was the most revered seat of Poseidon, the chief deity of the Ionic race.
Still the earliest rulers of Corinth are uniformly represented as Aeolians. The
founder of this dynasty was Sisyphus, whose cunning and love of gain may typify
the commercial enterprise of the early maritime population, who overreached the
simple inhabitants of the interior. Under the sway of Sisyphus and his descendants
Corinth became one of the richest and most powerful cities in Greece. Sisyphus
had two sons, Glaucus and Ornytion. From Glaucus sprang the celebrated hero Bellerophon,
who was worshipped with heroic honours at Corinth, and whose exploits were a favoutite
subject among the Corinthians down to the latest times. Hence we constantly find
upon the coins of Corinth and her colonies the figure of the winged horse Pegasus,
which Bellerophon caught at the fountain of Peirene on the Acrocorinthus. Bellerophon,
as is well known, settled in Lycia; and the descendants of Ornytion continued
to rule at Corinth till the overthrow of the Sisyphid dynasty by the conquering
Dorians.
The most ancient name of the city was Ephyra (Ephure). At what time
it exchanged this name for that of Corinth is unknown. Muller, relying upon a
passage of Velleius Paterculus (i. 3) supposes that it received the name of Corinth
upon occasion of the Dorian conquest; but Homer uses both names indiscriminately.
(Ephure, Il. vi. 152, 210; Korinthos, ii. 570, xiii. 664.) According to the Corinthians
themselves Corinthus, from whom the city derived its name, was a son of Zeus;
but the epic poet Eumelus, one of the Corinthian Bacchiadae, gave a less exalted
origin to the eponymous hero. This poet carried up the history of his native place
to a still earlier period than the rule of the Sisyphids. According to the legend,
related by him, the gods Poseidon and Helios (the Sun) contended for the possession
of the Corinthian land. By the award of Briareus Poseidon obtained the Isthmus;
and Helios the rock, afterwards called the Acrocorinthus, and then Ephyra, from
Ephyra, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and the primitive inhabitant of the
country. Helios had two sons Aeetes and Aloeus: to the; former he gave Ephyra,
to the latter Asopia (Sicyon). Aeetes, going to Colchis, left his country under
the government of Bunus, a son of Hermes; upon whose death Epopeus, the son of
Aloeus, obtained Ephyra as well as Asopia. Marathon, the son of Epopeus, who had
left the country during his lifetime, returned at his death, and divided his territory
between his sons Corinthus and Sicyon, from whom the two towns obtained their
names. Corinthus dying without children, the Corinthians invited Medea from Iolcos,as
the daughter of Aeetes; and thus her husband Jason obtained the, sovereignty of
Corinth. Medea afterwards returned to Iolcos, leaving the throne to Sisyphus,
with whom she is said to have been in love. (Paus. i. 1. § 2, i. 3. § 10; Schol.
ad Pind. Ol. xiii. 74.) Upon this legend Mr. Grote justly remarks, that the incidents
in it are imagined and arranged with a view to the supremacy of Medea; the emigration
of Aeetes, and the conditions under which he transferred his sceptre being so
laid out as to confer upon Medea an hereditary title to the throne. . . We may
consider the legend of Medea as having been originally quite independent of that
of Sisyphus, but fitted on to it, in seeming chronological sequence, so as to
satisfy the feelings of those Aeolids of Corinth who passed for his descendants.
: (Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p. 165, seq.)
The first really historical fact in the history of Corinth is its
conquest by the Dorians. It is said that this conquest was not effected till the
generation after the return of the Heracleidae into Peloponnesus. When the Heracleidae
were on the point of crossing over from Naupactus, Hippotes, also a descendant
of Hercules, but not through Hyllus, slew the prophet Carnus, in consequence of
which he was banished for ten years, and not allowed to, take part in the enterprise.
His son Aletes, who derived his name from his long wanderings, was afterwards
the leader of the Dorian conquerors of Corinth, and the first Dorian king of the
city. (Paus. ii. 4. § 3.) It appears from the account of Thucydides (iv. 42) that
the Dorian invaders took. possession of the hill called Solygeius, near the Saronic
gulf, from which they carried on war against the Aeolian inhabitants of Corinth
till they reduced; the city.
The Dorians, though the ruling class, appear, to have formed only
a small proportion of the population of Corinth. The non. Dorian inhabitants,
must have been admitted at an early period to the citizenship,; since we find
mention of eight Corinthian tribes (panta okto, Phot., Suidas), whereas three
was the standard number in all purely Doric states. It was impossible to preserve
in a city like Corinth the regular Doric institutions; since the wealth acquired
by commerce greatly exceeded the value of landed property, and necessarily conferred
upon its possessors, even though not Dorians, great influence and power. Aletes
and his descendants held the royal power for 12 generations. Their names and the
length of their reign are thus given: Years. Aletes reigned 38, Ixion reigned
38, Agelas reigned 37, Prymnis reigned 35, Bacchis reigned 35, Agelas reigned
30, Eudemus reigned 25, Aristodemes reigned 35, Agemon reigned 16, Alexander reigned
25, Telestes reigned 12, Automenes reigned 1.
Pausanias speaks as if Prymnis was the last descendant of Aletes,
and Bacchis, the founder of a new, though still an Heracleid dynasty; but Diodorus
describes all these kings as descendants of Aletes, but in consequence of the
celebrity of Bacchis, his successors took the name of Bacchidae in place of that
of Aletiadae or Heracleidae. After Automenes had reigned one year, the Bacchiad
family, amounting to about 200 persons, determined to abolish royalty, and to
elect out of their own number an annual Prytanis. The Bacchiad oligarchy had possession
of the government for 90 years, until it was overthrown by Cypselus, with the
help of the lower classes, in B.C. 657. (Diod. vi. fragm. 6, p. 635, Wess.; Paus.
ii. 4. § 4; Herod. v. 92.) Strabo says (viii. p. 378) that the Bacchiad oligarchy
lasted nearly 200 years; but he probably included within this period a portion
of the time that the Bacchiads possessed the royal power. The Bacchiads, after
their deposition by Cypselus, were for the most part driven into exile, and are
said to have taken refuge in different parts of Greece, and even in Italy. (Plut.
Lysand. 1; Liv. i. 34.) According to the mythical chronology the return
of the Heracleidae took place in B.C. 1104. As the Dorian conquest of Corinth
was placed one generation (30 years) after this event, the reign of Aletes commenced
B.C. 1074. His family therefore reigned from B.C. 1074 to 747; and the Bacchiad
oligarchy lasted from B.C. 747 to 657.
Under the Bacchiadae the Corinthians were distinguished by great commercial
enterprise. They traded chiefly with the western part of Greece; since the eastern
sea was the domain of the Aeginetans. The sea, formerly called the Crissaean from
the town of Crissa, was now named the Corinthian after them; and in order to secure
the strait which led into the western waters, they founded Molycria opposite the
promontory of Rhium (Thuc. iii. 102.) It was under the sway of the Bacchiadae
that the important colonies of Syracuse and Corcyra were founded by the Corinthians
(B.C. 734), and that a navy of ships of war was created for the first time in
Greece; for we have the express testimony of Thucydides that triremes were first
built at Corinth. (Thuc. i. 13.) The prosperity of Corinth suffered no diminution
from the revolution, which made Cypselus despot or tyrant of Corinth. Both this
prince and his son Periander, who succeeded him, were distinguished by the vigour
of their administration and by their patronage of commerce and the fine arts.
Following the plans of colonization, which had been commenced by the Bacchiadae,
they planted numerous colonies upon the western shores of Greece, by means of
which they exercised a sovereign power in these seas. Ambracia, Anactorium, Leucas,
Apollonia and other important colonies, were founded by Cypselus or his son. Corcyra,
which had thrown off the supremacy of Corinth, and whose navy had defeated that
of the mother country in B.C. 665, was reduced to subjection again in the reign
of Periander. It has been noticed by Miller that all these colonies were sent
out from the harbour of Lechaeum on the Corinthian gulf; and that the only colony
despatched from the harbour of Cenchreae on the Saronic gulf was the one which
founded Potidaea, on the coast of Chalcidice in Macedonia. (Muller, Dor. i. 6.
§ 7.)
Cypselus reigned 30 years (B.C. 657-627), and Periander 44 years (B.C.
627-583). For the history of these tyrants the reader is referred to the Dict.
of Biogr. s. vv. Periander was succeeded by his nephew Psammetichus, who reigned
only three years. He was without doubt overthrown by the Spartans, who put down
so many of the Grecian despots about this period. The government established at
Corinth, under the auspices of Sparta, was again aristocratical, but apparently
of a less exclusive character than that of the hereditary oligarchy of the Bacchiadae.
The gerusia was probably composed of certain noble families, such as the Oligaethidae
mentioned by Pindar, whom he describes as oikos hameros astois. (Pind. Ol. xiii.
2, 133.) From the time of the deposition of Psammetichus Corinth became an ally
of Sparta, and one of the most powerful and influential members of the Peloponnesian
confederacy. At an early period the Corinthians were on friendly terms with the
Athenians. They refused to assist Cleomenes, king of Sparta, in restoring Hippias
to Athens, and they lent the Athenians 20 ships to carry on the war against Aegina
(Herod. v. 92; Thuc. i. 41); but the rapid growth of the Athenian power after
the Persian war excited the jealousy of Corinth; and the accession of Megara to
the Athenian alliance was speedily followed by open hostilities between the two
states. The Corinthians marched into the territory of Megara, but were there defeated
with great loss by the Athenian commander, Myronides, B.C. 457. (Thuc. i. 103-106.)
Peace was shortly afterwards concluded; but the enmity which the Corinthians felt
against the Athenians was still further increased by the assistance which the
latter afforded to the Corcyraeans in their quarrel with Corinth. This step was
the immediate cause of the Peloponnesian war; for the Corinthians now exerted
all their influence to persuade Sparta and the other Peloponnesian states to declare
war against Athens.
In the Peloponnesian war the Corinthians at first furnished the greater
part of the Peloponnesian fleet. Throughout the whole war their enmity against
the Athenians continued unabated; and when the Spartans concluded with the latter
in B.C. 421 the peace, usually called the peace of Nicias, the Corinthians refused
to be parties to it, and were so indignant with Sparta, that they endeavoured
to form a new Peloponnesian league with Argos, Mantineia and Elis. (Thuc. v. 17,
seq.) But their anger against Sparta soon cooled down (Thuc. v. 48); and shortly
afterwards they returned to the Spartan alliance, to which they remained faithful
till the close of the war. When Athens was obliged to surrender to the Spartans
after the battle of Aegospotami, the Corinthians and Boeotians urged them to raze
the city to the ground. (Xen. Hell. ii. 2. 19)
But after Athens had been effectually humbled, and Sparta began to
exercise sovereignty over the rest of Greece, the Corinthians and other Grecian
states came to be jealous of her increasing power. Tithraustes, the satrap of
Lydia, determined to avail himself of this jealousy, in order to stir up a war
in Greece against the Spartans, and thus compel them to recall Agesilaus from
his victorious career in Asia. Accordingly he sent over Timocrates, the Rhodian,
to Greece with the sum of 50 talents, which he was to distribute among the leading
men in the Grecian states, and thus excite a war against Sparta, B.C. 395. (Xen.
Hell. iii. 5. 2) Timocrates had no difficulty in executing his commission; and
shortly afterwards the Corinthians united with their old enemies the Athenians
as well as with the Boeotians and Argives in declaring war against Persia. Deputies
from these states met at Corinth to take measures for the prosecution of the war,
which was hence called the Corinthian war. In the following year, B.C. 394, a
battle was fought near Corinth between the allied Greeks and the Lacedaemonians,
in which the latter gained the victory (Xen. Hell. iv. 2. 9, seq.) Later in the
same year the Corinthians fought a second battle along with the other allies at
Coroneia in Boeotia, whither they had marched to oppose Agesilaus, who had been
recalled from Asia by the Persians, and was now on his march homewards. The Spartans
again gained the victory, but not without much loss on their own side. (Xen. Hell.
3 § 15, seq., Ages. ii. 9. seq.)
In B.C. 393 and 392 the war was carried on in the Corinthian territory,
the Spartans being posted at Sicyon and the allies maintaining a line across the
Isthmus from Lechaeum to Cenchreae, with Corinth as the centre. A great part of
the fertile plain between Sicyon and Corinth belonged to the latter state; and
the Corinthian proprietors suffered so much from the devastation of their lands,
that many of them became anxious to renew their old alliance with Sparta. A large
number of the other Corinthians participated in these feelings, and the leading
men in the government, who were violently opposed to Sparta, became so alarmed
at the wide-spread disaffection among the citizens, that they introduced a body
of Argives into the city during the celebration of the festival of the Eucleia,
and massacred numbers of the opposite party in the market-place and in the theatre.
The government, being now dependent upon Argos, formed a close union with this
state, and is said to have even incorporated their Corinthian territory with that
of Argos, and to have given the name of Argos to their own city. But the opposition
party at Corinth, which was still numerous, contrived to admit Praxitas, the Lacedaemonian
commander at Sicyon, within the long walls which connected Corinth with Lechaeum.
In the space between the walls, which was of considerable breadth, and about 1
1/2 mile in length, a battle took place between the Lacedaemonians and the Corinthians,
who had marched out of the city to dislodge them. The Corinthians, however, were
defeated, and this victory was followed by the demolition of a considerable part
of the long walls by Praxitas. The Lacedaemonians now marched across the Isthmus,
and captured Sidus and Crommyon. These events happened in B.C. 392. (Xen. Hell.
iv. 4. 1, seq.)
The Athenians, feeling that their own city was no longer secure from
an attack of the Lacedaemonians, marched to Corinth in the following year (B.C.
391), and repaired the long walls between Corinth and Lechaeum; but in the course
of the same summer Agesilaus and Teleutias not only retook the long walls, but
also captured Lechaeum, which was now garrisoned by Lacedaemonian troops. (Xen.
Hell/ iv. 4. 18, 19; Diod. xiv. 86, who erroneously places the capture of Lechaeum
in the preceding year; see Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. ix. p. 471, seq.) These
successes, however, of the Lacedaemonians were checked by the destruction in the
next year (B.C. 390) of one of their morae by Iphicrates, the Athenian general,
with his peltasts or light-armed troops. Shortly afterwards Agesilaus marched
back to Sparta; whereupon Iphicrates retook Crommyon, Sidus, Peiraeum and Oenoe,
which had been garrisoned by Lacedaemonian troops. (Xen. Hell. iv. 5. 1, seq.)
The Corinthians appear to have suffered little from this time to the end of the
war, which was brought to a conclusion by the peace of Antalcidas in B.C. 387.
The effect of this peace was the restoration of Corinth to the Lacedaemonian alliance:
for as soon as it was concluded, Agesilaus compelled the Argives to withdraw their
troops from the city, and the Corinthians to restore the exiles who had been in
favour of the Lacedaemonians. Those Corinthians who had taken an active part in
the massacre of their fellow-citizens at the festival of the Eucleia fled from
Corinth, and took refuge, partly at Argos, and partly at Athens. (Xen. Hell. v.
1. 34; Dem. c. Lept. p. 473.)
In the war between Thebes and Sparta, which soon afterwards broke
out the Corinthians remained faithful to the latter; but having suffered much
from the war, they at length obtained permission from Sparta to conclude a separate
peace with the Thebans. (Xen. Hell. vii. 4. 6, seq.) In the subsequent events
of Grecian history down to the Macedonian period, Corinth took little part. The
government continued to be oligarchical; and the attempt of Timophanes to make
himself tyrant of Corinth was frustrated by his murder by his own brother Timoleon,
B.C. 344. (Diod. xvi. 65; Plut. Tim. 4; Cornel. Nep. Tim. 1; Aristot. Polit. v.
5. § 9.) From the time of the battle of Chaeroneia, Corinth was held by the Macedonian
kings, who always kept a strong garrison in the important fortress of the Acrocorinthus.
In B.C. 243 it was surprised by Aratus, delivered from the garrison of Antigonus
Gonatas, and annexed to the Achaean league. (Pol. ii. 43.) But in B.C. 223 Corinth
was surrendered by the Achaeans to Antigonus Doson, in order to secure his support
against the Aetolians and Cleomenes. (Pol. ii. 52, 54.) It continued in the hands
of Philip, the successor of Antigonus Doson; but after the defeat of this monarch
at the battle of Cynoscephalae, B.C. 196, Corinth was declared free by the Romans,
and was again united to the Achaean league. The Acrocorinthus, however, as well
as Chalcis and Demetrias, which were regarded as the three fortresses of Greece,
were occupied by Roman garrisons. (Pol. xviii. 28, 29; Liv. xxxiii. 31.)
When the Achaeans were mad enough to enter into a contest with Rome,
Corinth was the seat of government of the Achaean league, and it was here that
the Roman ambassadors were maltreated, who had been sent to the League with the
ultimatum of the senate. The Achaean troops were at once defeated, and L. Mummius
entered Corinth unopposed. The vengeance which he took upon the unhappy city was
fearful. All the males were put to the sword, and the women and children sold
as slaves. Corinth was the richest city in Greece, and abounded in statues, paintings,
and other works of art. The most valuable works of art were carried to Rome; and
after it had been pillaged by the Roman soldiers, it was at a given signal set
on fire; and thus was extinguished what Cicero calls the lumen totius Graeciae
(B.C. 146). (Strab. viii. p. 381; Pol. xl. 7; Pans. ii. 1. § 2, vii. 16. § 7;
Liv. Epit. 52; Flor. ii. 16; Oros. v. 3; Vell. Pat. i. 13: Cic. pro Leg. Man.
5)
Corinth remained in ruins for a century. The site on which it had
stood was devoted to the gods, and was not allowed to be inhabited (Macrob. Sat.
iii. 9); a portion of its territory was given to the Sicyonians, who undertook
the superintendence of the Isthmian games (Strab. viii. p. 381); the remainder
became part of the ager publicus, and was consequently included in the vectigalia
of the Roman people. (Lex Thoria, c. 50; Cic. de Leg. Agr. i. 2, ii. 19.) The
greater part of its commerce passed over to Delos. In B.C. 46 Julius Caesar determined
to rebuild Corinth, and sent a numerous colony thither, consisting of his veterans
and freedmen. (Strab. viii. p. 381; Paus. ii. 1. § 2; Plut. Caes. 57; Dion Cass.
xliii. 50; Diod. Excerpt. p. 591, Wess.; Plin. iv. 4. s. 5.) Henceforth it was
called on coins and inscriptions COLONIA IVLIA CORINTHVS, also LAYS IVLI CORINT.,
and C. I. C. A., i. e., Colonia Julia Corinthus Augusta. The colonists were called
Corinthienses, and not Corinthii, as the ancient inhabitants had been named. (Festus,
p. 60, ed. Muller.) It soon rose again to be a prosperous and populous city; and
when St. Paul visited it about 100 years after it had been rebuilt by the colony
of Julius Caesar, it was the residence of Junius Gallio, the proconsul of Achaia.
(Acta Apost. xviii. 12.) St. Paul founded here a flourishing Christian church,
to which he addressed two of his epistles. When it was visited by Pausanias in
the second century of the Christian era, it contained numerous public buildings,
of which he has given us an account; and at a still later period it continued
to be the capital of Achaia. (Hierocl. p. 646; Bockh, Inscr. Graec. no. 1086.)
This extract is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
LOUTRAKI (Town) CORINTHIA
An enchanted journey through 2,500 years of history. Loutraki and the surrounding area is living proof that classical Greek values and antiquities still have much to teach us. All it takes is the desire to explore, and eyes and mind wide open to visit these antiquities, to admire them, to learn from them. Apollo, god of the sun and well-being and Hera, mother of all the Gods, were worshipped here in temples whose ruins can still be seen today. The first written reference to the waters at Loutraki is in the «Hellenica» by the Athenian historian Xenophon (431-351 B.C.). He referred to Thermes (the ancient name of Loutraki) mentioning that Agisilaos, King of Sparta, had camped there during the Corinthian war (395-387 B.C.). His description combined with historical facts and archaeological finds undoubtedly confirm that this information refers to the city of Loutraki.
The area also known as Peraea, in other words beyond Corinth (from the Greek pera for beyond) was colonized by the Corinthians in 750 BC. There are also historical references that around 146 BC when the city passed into the control of the Romans, that General Sulla, was cured in its spa waters and thus its secrets were disseminated throughout the entire Roman world. Moreover, plenty of churches built during the Byzantine era also point to the importance of the city and its historical development throughout ages. Loutraki played a significant role during the Greek Revolution in 1821 due to its geographical position as many battles took place there. The most famous one was against Dramalis (September 25-27, 1822) where Greek troops obliterated Dramalis’ forces - a victorious battle aided the outcome of the revolution greatly: the liberation and the establishment of the Greek State.
Nowadays, the international medical community is showing a great deal of interest in Loutraki due to its waters which are considered as equals to the famous waters of Vichi, Evian and Perrier.
Twelve kilometers outside the cosmopolitan Loutraki is lied the historical village of Perahora, well known for its wine production. In antiquity, it was called "Peraea" and there are a lot of archaeological finds - the ruins of ancient Oenoe (Schinos) and the tombs of Peraea - that confirm its existence since the prehistoric era. Though, the most important finds are located in the Heraion. There are ancient sites and the temple of the goddess Hera. Magnificent finds were also brought in light in this area such as ruins of temples, samples of ceramic art, silver and golden coins, copper tools, plenty of seals as well as road traces, fountains and tanks that indicate the existence of a well developed water collective system.
Finally, Isthmia is a famous city since antiquity due to the organization of the Panellenic games, so called "Isthmian Games".
SIKYON (Ancient city) CORINTHIA
FLIOUS (Ancient city) NEMEA
. . . then four hundred from Mycenae and Tiryns, and next to them one thousand from Phlius. By these stood three hundred men of Hermione.
The Hellenes who awaited the Persians in that place were these: three hundred Spartan armed men; one thousand from Tegea and Mantinea, half from each place; one hundred and twenty from Orchomenus in Arcadia and one thousand from the rest of Arcadia; that many Arcadians, four hundred from Corinth, two hundred from Phlius, and eighty Mycenaeans. These were the Peloponnesians present; from Boeotia there were seven hundred Thespians and four hundred Thebans.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
. . . Next to these in the line were five thousand Corinthians, at whose desire Pausanias permitted the three hundred Potidaeans from Pallene then present to stand by them.
The following took part in the war: from the Peloponnese, … the Corinthians the same number (of ships) as at Artemisium
The Corinthians furnished forty ships
The Hellenes who awaited the Persians in that place were these: three hundred Spartan armed men; one thousand from Tegea and Mantinea, half from each place; one hundred and twenty from Orchomenus in Arcadia and one thousand from the rest of Arcadia; that many Arcadians, four hundred from Corinth, two hundred from Phlius, and eighty Mycenaeans. These were the Peloponnesians present; from Boeotia there were seven hundred Thespians and four hundred Thebans.
This extract is from: Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge. Harvard University Press
Cited Sept 2002 from Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.
SIKYON (Ancient city) CORINTHIA
. . . Next to these were six hundred Arcadians from Orchomenus, and after them three thousand men of Sicyon.
The following took part in the war: from the Peloponnese, … the Sicyonians furnished fifteen ships
The Sikyonians furnished twelve ships
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
(misthotoi, misthophoroi, xenoi, and collectively to xenikon).
Mercenary troops. Apart from a few earlier examples of the employment of mercenaries,
a regular organization of such troops was formed among the Greeks in the course
of the Peloponnesian War. . . One of the chief recruiting places in the fourth
century was Corinth, and afterwards for a time the district near the promontory
of Taenarum in Lacedaemon.
This text is from: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Cited Nov 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
It was south of Epidamnos, in proximity to the river Aous. Strabo & Thucidides makes it simply a Korinthian foundation (cp. Plutarch Mor. 552 F, who puts the foundation in the reign of Periander, i.e. before 585 B.C.)
PELLANA (Ancient city) XYLOKASTRO
The Lacedaemonians and king Agis, the son of Eudamidas, surprised and took Pellene by a sudden onslaught, but when Aratus and his army arrived they were defeated in an engagement, evacuated Pellene, and returned home under a truce.
Alone among the Greeks the Lacedaemonians were the bitter enemies of the Achaeans and openly carried on war against them. Pellene, a city of the Achaeans, was captured by Agis, the son of Eudamidas, who was king at Sparta; but he was immediately driven out by the Sicyonians under Aratus.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
391 - 390
Thomas R. Martin, An Overview of Classical Greek History from Homer to Alexander
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