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ΚΛΕΩΝΑΙ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΝΕΜΕΑ
Kleonai: Eth. Kleonaios. A city in Peloponnesus, described by writers
of the Roman period as a city of Argolis, but never included in the Argeia or
territory of Argos, in the flourishing period of Greek history. Cleonae was situated
on the road from Argos to Corinth, at the distance of 120 stadia from the former
city, and 80 stadia from the latter. (Strab.viii. p.377.) The narrow pass through
the mountains, called Tretus, leading from Argos to Cleonae, is described elsewhere.
Cleonae stood in a small plain upon a river flowing into the Corinthian gulf a
little westward of Lechaeum. This river is now called Longo: its ancient name
appears to have been Langeia. In its territory was Mt. Apesas, now called Fuka,
connected with the Acro-Corinthus by a rugged range of hills. Both Strabo and
Pausanias describe Cleonae as a small place; and the former writer, who saw it
from the Acrocorinthus, says that it is situated upon a hill surrounded on all
sides by buildings, and well walled, so as to deserve the epithet given to it
by Homer (II. ii. 570):--euktimenas Kleonas. Statius also speaks of ingenti turritae
mole Cleonae. (Theb. iv. 47.) The existing ruins, though scanty, justify these
descriptions. They are found at a hamlet still called Klenes, not far from the
village Kurtesi. According to Dodwell, they occupy a circular and insulated hill,
which seems to have been completely covered with buildings. On the side of the
hill are six ancient terrace walls rising one above another, on which the houses
and streets are situated.
Cleonae possessed only a small territory. It derived its chief importance
from the Nemean games being celebrated in its territory, in the grove of Nemea,
between Cleonae and Phlius. Hence the festival is called by Pindar agon Kleonaios
(Nem. iv. 27). Hercules is said to have slain Eurytus and Cteatus, the sons of
Actor, near Cleonae; and Diodorus mentions a temple of Hercules erected in the
neighbourhood of the city in memory of that event. (Paus. v. 2. § 1, seq.; Pind.
Ol. x. 36; Diod. iv. 33.)
Cleonae is said to have derived its name either from Cleones, the
son of Pelops, or from Cleone, the daughter of the river-god Asopus. (Paus. ii.
15. § 1.) It was conquered by the Dorians, whereupon some of its inhabitants,
together with those of the neighbouring town of Phlius, are said to have founded
Clazomenae in Asia Minor. (Paus. vii. 3. § 9.) In the Dorian conquest, Cleonae
formed part of the lot of Temenus, and in early times was one of the confederated
allies or subordinates of Argos. Indeed in the historical period, Cleonae was
for the most part closely connected with Argos. After the Persian wars, the Cleonaeans
assisted the Argives in subduing Mycenae (Strab. viii.); and they fought as. the
allies of Argos at the battle of Mantineia, B.C. 418. (Thuc. v. 67.) Of their
subsequent history nothing is known, though their city is occasionally mentioned
down to the time of Ptolemy.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΟΡΝΕΙΑΙ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΝΕΜΕΑ
Orneai: Eth. Orneates. A town in the Argeia, mentioned in the Iliad
(ii 571), which is said to have derived its name from Orneus, the son of Erechtheus.
Orneae retained its ancient Cynurian inhabitants, when Argos was conquered by
the Dorians. It continued independent of Argos for a long time; but it was finally
conquered by the Argives, who removed the Orneatae to their own city. (Paus. ii.
25. § 6, viii. 27. § 1.) Thucydides mentions (v. 67) the Orneatae and Cleonaei
as allies (summachoi) of the Argives in B.C. 418; and the same historian relates
(vi. 7) that Orneae was destroyed by the Argives in B.C. 416. (Comp. Diod. xii.
81.) It might therefore be inferred that the destruction of Orneae by the Argives
in B.C. 416 is the event referred to by Pausanias. But Muller concludes from a
well-known passage of Herodotus (viii. 73) that Orneae had been conquered by Argos
long before; that its inhabitants were reduced to the condition of Perioeci; and
that all the Perioeci in the Argeia were called Orneatae from this place. But
the Orneatae mentioned by Thucydides could not have been Perioeci, since they
are called allies; and the passage of Herodotus does not require, and in fact
hardly admits of, Muller's interpretation. The Cynurians, says Herodotus, have
become Doricized by the Argives and by time, being Orneatae and Perioeci. These
words would seem clearly to mean that, while the other Cynurians became Perioeci,
the Orneatae continued independent,--an interpretation which is in accordance
with the account of Thucydides. (Muller, Aeginetica, p. 48, seq., Dorians, iii.
4. § 2; Arnold, ad Thuc. v. 67.)
With respect to the site of Orneae we learn from Pausariias (v. 25.
§ 5) that it was situated on the confines of Phliasia and Sicyonia, at the distance
of 120 stadia from Argos, being 60 stadia from Lyrceia, which was also 60 stadia
from Argos. Strabo (viii. p. 382) says that Orneae was situated on a river of
the same name above the plain of the Sicyonians; for the other passage of Strabo
(viii. p. 578), which states that Orneae lay between Corinth and Sicyon, and that
it was not mentioned by Homer, is probably an interpolation. Orneae stood on the
northern of the two roads, which led from Argos to Mantineia. This northern road
was called Climax, and followed the course of the Inachus. Ross supposes Orneae
to have been situated on the river, which flows from the south by the village
of Lionti and which helps to form the western arm of the Asopus. Leake places
it too far to the east on the direct road from Argos to Phlius.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΦΛΙΟΥΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΝΕΜΕΑ
Eth. Phliasios, the territory Phliasia. An independent city in the
north-eastern part of Peloponnesus, whose territory was bounded on the N. by Sicyonia,
on the W. by Arcadia, on the E. by Cleonae, and on the S. by Argolis. This territory
is a small valley about 900 feet above the level of the sea, surrounded by mountains,
from which streams flow down on every side, joining the river Asopus in the middle
of the plain. The mountain in the southern part of the plain, from which the principal
source of the Asopus springs, was called Carneates (Karneates) in antiquity, now
Polyfengo. (Strab. viii. p. 382.) The territory of Phlius was celebrated in antiquity
for its wine. (Athen. i. p. 27, d.) According to Strabo (viii. p. 382), the ancient
capital of the country was Araethyrea (Araithurea) on Mt. Celosse, which city
is mentioned by Homer (Il. ii. 571); but the inhabitants subsequently deserted
it and built Phlius at the distance of 30 stadia. Pausanias (ii. 12. § § 4, 5),
however, does not speak of any migration, but says that the ancient capital was
named Arantia (Arantia), from its founder Aras, an autochthon, that it was afterwards
called Araethyrea from a daughter of Aras, and that it finally received the name
of Phlius, from Phlias, a son of Ceisus and grandson of Temenus. The name of Arantia
was retained in the time of Pausanias in the hill Arantinus, on which the city
stood. Hence the statement of grammarians that both Arantia and Araethyrea were
ancient names of Phlius. (Steph. B. s. vv. Phlious, Arantia; Schol. ad Apoll.
Rhod. i. 115.) According to Stephanus B. (s. v. Phlious) Phlius derived its name
from Dionysus and Chthonophyle. Phlius was subsequently conquered by Dorians under
Rhegnidas, who came from Sicyon. Some of the inhabitants migrated to Samos, others
to Clazomenae; among the settlers at Samos was Hippasus, from whom Pythagoras
derived his descent. (Paus. ii. 13. § 1, seq.) Like most of the other Doric states,
Phlius was governed by an aristocracy, though it was for a time subject to a tyrant
Leon, a contemporary of Pythagoras. (Diog. Laert. i. 12, viii. 8; Cic. Tusc. v.
3) Phlius sent 200 soldiers to Thermopylae (Herod. vii. 202), and 1000 to Plataea
(ix. 28). Daring the whole of the Peloponnesian War it remained faithful to Sparta
and hostile to Argos. (Thuc. v. 57, seq., vi. 105.) But before B.C. 393 a change
seems to have taken place in the government, for in that year we find some of
the citizens in exile who professed to be the friends of the Lacedaemonians. The
Phliasians, however, still continued faithful to Sparta) and received a severe
defeat from Iphicrates in the year already mentioned. So much were they weakened
by this blow that they were obliged to admit a Lacedaemonian garrison within their
walls, which they had been unwilling to do before, lest their allies should restore
the exiles. But the Lacedaemonians did not betray the confidence placed in them,
and quitted the city without making any change in the government. (Xen. Hell.
iv. 4. 15, seq.) Ten years afterwards (B.C. 383) the exiles induced the Spartan
government to espouse their cause; and with the fate of Mantineia before their
eyes, the Phliasians thought it more prudent to comply with the request of the
Spartans, and received the exiles. (Xen. Hell. v. 2. 8, seq.) But disputes arising
between returned exiles and those who were in possession of the government, the
former again appealed to Sparta, and Agesilaus was sent with an army in B.C. 380
to reduce the city. At this period Phlius contained 5000 citizens. Agesilaus laid
siege to the city, which held out for a year and eight months. It was at length
obliged to surrender through failure of provisions in B.C. 379; and Agesilaus
appointed a council of 100 members (half from the exiles and half from the besieged),
with powers of life and death over the citizens, and authorised to frame a new
constitution. (Xen. Hell. v. 3. 10, seq.; Plut. Ages. 24; Diod. xv. 20.) From
this time the Phliasians remained faithful to Sparta throughout the whole of the
Theban War, though they had to suffer much from the devastation of their territory
by their hostile neighbours. The Argives occupied and fortified Tricaranum above
Phlius, and the Sicyonians Thyamia on the Sicyonian frontier. (Xen. Hell. vii.
2. 1) In B.C. 368 the city was nearly taken by the exiles, who no doubt belonged
to the democratical party, and had been driven into exile after the capture of
the city by Agesilaus. In this year a body of Arcadians and Eleians, who were
marching through Nemea to join Epaminondas at the Isthmus, were persuaded by the
Phliasian exiles to assist them in capturing the city. During the night the exiles
stole to the foot of the Acropolis; and in the morning when the scouts stationed
by the citizens on the hill Tricaranum announced that the enemy were in sight,
the exiles seized the opportunity to scale the Acropolis, of which they obtained
possession. They were, however, repulsed in their attempt to force their way into
the town, and were eventually obliged to abandon the citadel also. The Arcadians
and Argives were at the same time repulsed from the walls. (Xen. Hell. vii. 2.
5--9) In the following year Phlius was exposed to a still more formidable attack
from the Theban commander at Sicyon, assisted by Euphron, tyrant of that city.
The main body of the army descended from Tricaranum to the Heraeum which stood
at the foot of the mountain, in order to ravage the Phliasian plain. At the same
time a detachment of Sicyonians and Pellenians were posted NE. of the Acropolis
before the Corinthian gate. to hinder the Phliasians from attacking them in their
rear. But the main body of the troops was repulsed; and being unable to join the
detachment of Sicyonians and Pallenians in consequence of a ravine (Pharanx),
the Phliasians attacked and defeated them with loss. (Xen. Hell. vii. 2. 11, seq.)
After the death of Alexander, Phlius, like many of the other Peloponnesian
cities, became subject to tyrants; but upon the organisation of the Achaean League
by Aratus, Cleonymus, who was then tyrant of Phlius, voluntarily resigned his
power, and the city joined the league. (Polyb. ii. 44.)
Phlius is celebrated in the history of literature as the birthplace
of Pratinas, the inventor of the Satyric drama, and who contended with Aeschylus
for the prize at Athens. In the agora of Phlius was the tomb of Aristias, the
son of Pratinas. (Paus. ii. 13. § 6.)
Pausanias says that on the Acropolis of Phlius was a temple of Hebe
or Ganymeda, in a cypress grove, which enjoyed the right of asylum. (Comp. Strab.
viii. p. 382.) There was also a temple of Demeter on the Acropolis. On descending
from the citadel there stood on the right a temple of Asclepius, and below it
the theatre and another temple of Demeter. In the agora there were also other
public buildings. (Paus. ii. 13. § 3, seq.) The principal place at present in
the Phliasia is the village of St. George, situated at the southern foot of Tricaranum,
a mountain with three summits, which bounds the plain to the NE. The ruins of
Phlius are situated three quarters of an hour further west, on one of the spurs
of Tricaranum, above the right bank of the Asopus. They are of considerable extent,
but present little more than foundations. On the south-western slope of the height
stands the church of our Lady of the Hill (Eanagia Hpachiotissa), from which the
whole spot is now called s ten Hpachiotissan. It probably occupies the site of
the temple of Asclepius. Ross found here the remains of several Doric pillars.
Five stadia from the town on the Asopus are some ruins, which Ross considers to
be those of Celeae (Keleai), where Demeter was worshipped. (Paus. ii. 14. § 1.)
Leake supposed Phlius to be represented by some ruins on the western side of the
mountain, now called Polyfengo; but these are more correctly assigned by Ross
to the ancient city of Araethyrea; and their distance from those already described
corresponds to the 30 stadia which, according to Strabo, was the distance from
Araethyrea to Phlius.
On Mt. Tricaranum are the remains of a small Hellenic fortress called
Paleokastron, which is probably the fortress erected by the Argives on this mountain.
(Xen. Hell. vii. 2. 1, 5, 11, 13; Dem. Megal. p. 206; Harpocrat. s. v. Trikaranon;
Steph. B. s. v. Trikarana.) Thyamia, which the Sicyonians fortified, as already
narrated (Xen. Hell. vii. 2. 1), is placed by Ross on the lofty hill of Spiria,
the northern prolongation of Tricaranum, between the villages Stimanga and Skrapani;
on the summit are the remains of a large round tower, probably built by the Franks
or Byzantines. In the southern part of the Phliasia is the Dioscurion (Dioskourion),
which is mentioned only by Polybius (iv. 67, 68, 73), and which lay on the road
from Corinth over the mountain Apelauron into the Stymphalia.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Araethyrea (Araithurea), the ancient capital of Phliasia, is said by Pausanias to have been originally named Arantia (Arantia), after Aras, its founder, and to have been called Araethyrea after a daughter of Aras of this name. The name of its founder was retained in the time of Pausanias in the hill Arantinus, on which it stood. Homer mentions Araethyrea. (Horn. Il. ii. 571; Strab. viii. p. 382; Paus. ii. 12. § § 4, 5.) We learn from Strabo that its inhabitants quitted Araethyrea, and founded Phlius, at the distance of 30 stadia from the former town. Hence the statement of the grammarians, that Araethyrea and Arantia were both ancient names of Phlius. (Steph. B. s. vv. Phlious, Arantia; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. i. 115.) Ross supposes the ruins on Mt. Polyfengo to be those of Araethyrea. Leake had erroneously supposed them to be the ruins of Phlius. (Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 27, seq.; Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 339, seq.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΟΡΝΕΙΑΙ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΝΕΜΕΑ
An ancient town of Argolis, near the frontier of the territory of Phlius, subdued by the Argives in the Peloponnesian War, B.C. 418.
ΦΛΙΟΥΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΝΕΜΕΑ
The chief town of a small province in the northeast of Peloponnesus, whose territory, Phliasia, was bounded by Sicyonia, Arcadia, and Argos. It was usually allied with Sparta, and under Cleonymus joined the Achaete.
Located in the NE part of the region in a broad plain W of the Nemean
valley.
Excavations in 1924 indicated occupation from the Early Neolithic
period to Byzantine times. Mycenaean finds were scanty, confirming the statement
of the ancient authors (Strab. 8.382; Paus. 2.12.4-6) that the city of Homer (Araithyrea)
was not located at the site of the later city. Phlious participated in the Persian
Wars, contributing 200 men to Thermopylai and 1,000 to Plataia (Hdt. 7.202; 9.28.4).
She was constantly an ally of Sparta and no doubt valuable to that state in providing
a route to the Corinthian Gulf which did not pass under the walls of Argos. Her
4th c. history is one of internal strife and defense against various enemies (Xen.
Hell.). Little is known of her political organizations, but a Hellenistic proxeny
decree found on Delos may preserve the name of one of the tribes, Aoris. A Pythagorean
school apparently flourished at Phlious at the end of the 5th c. (Diog. Laert.
8.46) and the city provides the setting for Plato's Phaedo. Pratinas, the composer
of satyr plays, was a native (Suid. s.v. Pratinas). The Roman city as described
by Pausanias (2.13.3-8) was extensive, and he states that Hebe was the principal
deity. Numerous buildings are mentioned, among them a Temple of Asklepios located
above a theater.
Traces of antiquity are abundant at Phlious, both on the acropolis
and in the plain to the S, where the city proper was located. Portions of wall
are visible along the N, E, and W sides of the acropolis and the E city wall can
be traced for some distance in the plain. On one of the terraces at the W end
of the hill stands a modern chapel, almost entirely constructed of ancient blocks,
possibly the site of the Temple of Asklepios. Farther down the hill to the W lie
a fountain-house and a large, partially excavated building with a hypocaust.
Most of the buildings discovered in the early excavations lie at the
SW foot of the hill. An apparent hypostyle hall, explored by only a few test trenches,
yielded pottery and architectural fragments of the late archaic period. East of
this lies a rectangular structure with an interior colonnade (known locally as
the Palati), and to the N a scene building and a theater cavea. Supplementary
excavations reinvestigated the Palati, which appears to date to the 5th c. B.C.,
and the theater, the lower portion of which was excavated. This consists of the
E retaining wall of the cavea, a line of poros benches, and a partially cleared
exedra on the W.
The theater in its present form is Roman and no doubt it is the one
seen by Pausanias below the Temple of Asklepios, which must be located either
immediately above the cavea or farther to the E under the chapel, where most modern
writers have placed it.
W. R. Biers, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
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