Listed 100 (total found 168) sub titles with search on: Information about the place for wider area of: "ANTALYA Province TURKEY" .
ANTIFELOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Antiphellus (Antiphellos: Eth. Antiphellites and Antiphelleites: Antephelo
or Andoiflo), a town of Lycia, on the south coast, at the head of a bay. An inscription
copied by Fellows at this place, contains the ethnic name Antiphelleitou (Discoveries
in Lycia, p. 186). The little theatre of Antiphellus is complete, with the exception
of the proscenium. Fellows gives a page of drawings of specimens of ends of sarcophagi,
pediments, and doors of tombs. Strabo incorrectly places Antiphellus among the
inland towns. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 13) gives the name of Vathy to the bay at
the head of which Antiphellus stands, and he was the discoverer of this ancient
site. There is a ground-plan of Antiphelius in Spratt's Lycia. There are coins
of Antiphellus of the imperial period, with the epigraph Antiphelleiton. Nothing
is known of the history of this place.
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ANTIOCHIA EPI KRAGO (Ancient city) TURKEY
Antiocheia ad Cragum Antiocheia epi Krago, Ptol. v. 8, § 2). Strabo
mentions a rock Cragus on the coast of Cilicia, between the river Selinus and
the fort and harbour of Charadrus. Appian (Mithrid. c. 96) mentions both Cragus
and Anticragus in Cilicia as very strong forts; but there may be some error here.
Beaufort (Karamania, p. 193) conjectures that the site may be between Selinty
and Karadran (the Charadrus of Strabo): he observed several columns there whose
shafts were single blocks of polished red granite. A square cliff, the top of
which projects into the sea, has been fortified. There is also a flight of steps
cut in the rock leading from the landing place to the gates.
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APERLAI (Ancient city) TURKEY
Aperlae (Aperlai: Eth. Aperleites), a place in Lycia, fixed by the
Stadiasmus 60 stadia west of Somena, and 64 stadia west of Andriace. Leake (Asia
Minor, p. 188) supposes Somena to be the Simena of Pliny (v. 27). Aperlae, which
is written in the text of Ptolemy Aperrae, and in Pliny Apyrae, is proved to be
a genuine name by an inscription found by Cockerell, at the head of Hassar bay,
with the Ethnic name Aperleiton on it. But there are also coins of Gordian with
the Ethnic name Aperraiton. The confusion between the l and the r in the name
of an insignificant place is nothing remarkable.
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ARIASSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Ariassus (Ariassos), a city of Pisidia, which may be, as Cramer suggests
(Asia Min vol. ii. p. 299), the same city which Strabo, following Artemidorus,
mentions as one of the cities of Pisidia. There are coins of Ariassus of the time
of Sept. Severus.
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ARYKANDA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Arycanda (Arukanda: Eth. Arukandeus), a city in Lycia (Steph. s. v.
Arukanda; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. Od. 7), on the river Arycandus, a branch of the
Limyrus (Plin. v. 27, 29). Its site has been ascertained by Fellows (Lycia, p.
221), who found near the river Arycandus, and 35 miles from the sea, the ruins
of Arycanda, which are identified by a Greek inscription. There are the remains
of a theatre, tombs, and some fine specimens of doorways. There are coins of Arycanda.
Fellows found one among the ruins, with the name of the city on it and the head
of the Emperor Gordian. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 187) speaks of a stream which joins
the set, close to the mouth of the Limyrus, as probably the Arycandus of Pliny.
In the map of Fellows, only the name Arycandus appears, and no Limyrus; but the
Limyrus is clearly laid down in the map in Spratt's Lycia as a small stream flowing
from Limyra, and joining near its mouth the larger river Orta Tchy, the Arycandus.
Compare the account of Arycanda in Fellows and in Spratt's Lycia (vol. i. p. 153).
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ASPENDOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Aspendos: Eth. Aspendios. A city of Pamphylia, on the Eurymedon, 60
stadia from the mouth of the river, and an Argeian colony (Strab. p. 667). It
is mentioned by Thucydides (viii. 81, 87, 108) as a port, or at least a place
up to which ships might ascend. The town was situated on highly ground; on a mountain,
as Pliny (v. 27) calls it; or a very lofty hill, which commands a view of the
sea. (Mela, i. 14.) The site must be easily determined by an examination of the
lower part of the Eurymedon. From an extract in Spratt's Lycia (vol. ii. p. 32)
it may be collected that the name is still Aspendus; it is described as 6 or 8
miles from the sea, and a lofty city. One argument that is urged to prove the
identity is, that a great marsh near it is still called Capru, a name identical
with that of the ancient marsh or lake Capria. Strabo mentions the lake Capria,
and then the Eurymedon; and he may mean that the lake or marsh is near the river.
The brief extract as to Aspendus in Spratt is rather obscure. Pliny (xxxi. 7)
mentions a lake at Aspendus, where salt was produced by evaporation. In the neighbourhood
the olive was much cultivated.
Thasybulus lost his life at Aspendus; being surprised in his tent
by the Aspendians, on whom he had levied contributions. (Xen. Hell. iv. 8; Diod.
xiv. 99.) Alexander, in his Asiatic expedition, visited Aspendus, and the place
surrendered upon preparation being made by the king to besiege it. (Arrian, Anab.
i. 26.) It was a populous place after Alexander's time, for it raised on one occasion
4000 hoplites. (Polyb. v. 73.) The consul Cn. Manlius, when moving forward to
invade Galatia, came near Termessus, and made a show of entering Pamphylia, which
brought him a sum of money from the Aspendii and other Pamphylians. (Liv. xxxviii.
15; Polyb. xxii. 18.)
The old medals of Aspendus have the epigraph ES. EST. ESTPh. ESTPHEDNGS.,
but those of more recent date have the common form AS. ASPENDION. (Cramer, Asia
Minor, vol. ii. p. 282.)
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ATTALIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Attaleia or Attalia (Attaleia, Attalia: Eth. Attaleus). A city of
Pamphylia. After mentioning Phaselis in Lycia, Strabo mentions Olbia as the first
town in Pamphylia, then the river Catarrhactes, and then Attalia, a city founded
by Attalus II. Philadelphus, king of Pergamum. Accordingly he places the Catarrhactes
west of Attalia. Ptolemy mentions Phaselis, Olbia, and Attaleia, and then the
Catarrhactes. Pliny mentions Olbia, but not Attalia (v. 27), though he mentions
the Catarrhactes. The modern town of Adalia, now the largest place on the south
coast of Asia Minor, corresponds in name to Attalia; but it is west of the Catarrhactes,
now the Duden Su. Strabo describes the Catarrhactes as falling from a high rock,
and the noise of the cataract was heard to a distance. It is generally assumed
that Strabo means that it falls over a rock into the sea; but he does not say
so, though this may be his meaning. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 135) observes, that
on the west side of the town there are only two small rivers, both of which glide
quietly into the sea through the sandy beach, and can by no means answer the description
of the Catarrhactes. But there are many small rivulets which turn the mills near
Adalia, and rush directly over the cliff into the sea; and if these rivulets were
united, they would form a large body of water. (Beaufort.) The water of these
streams is full of calcareous particles, and near some of the mouths stalactites
were observed. It is very probable, then, that the lower course of this river
may have undergone great changes since Strabo's time, and these changes are still
going on. D'Anville considered Adalia to represent Olbia, and Attalia to be further
east at a place called Laara, and he has been followed by others in identifying
Adalia and Olbia; but this erroneous opinion is founded entirely on the order
of the names in Strabo, who is contradicted in this matter by Ptolemy and the
Stadiasmus. Spratt and his associates visited Adalia. The houses and walls contain
many fragments of sculpture and columns: the cemeteries which are outside of the
city also contain marble fragments and columns. The style of all the remains,
it is said, is invariably Roman. Fourteen inscriptions were found, but not one
of them contains the name of the place. As Adalia is now the chief port of the
south coast of Asia Minor, it is probable that it was so in former times; and
it is an excellent site for a city. Paul and Barnabas after leaving Perga went
to Attalia, and thence sailed to Antioch. (Acts, xiv. 25.) The church of Attalia
was afterwards an episcopal see. There are imperial coins of Attalia, with the
epigraph Attaleon.
Leake, who fixes Attalia at Adalia, supposed that Olbia might be found
in the plain which extends from Adalia to the foot of Solyma; and it ought to
be found here, according to Strabo's authority. About 3 1/2 miles west of Adalia,
near the coast, there are the remains of an ancient city, on an elevated flat
with three precipitous sides, one side of which is bounded by the Arab Su. This
agrees with Strabo's description of Olbia as a great fort. The country between
these ruins and Adalia is a rocky tract, incapable of cultivation, but the country
west of them to the mountains of Solyma, is very fertile. This, as it is well
observed in Spratt's Lycia (vol. i. p. 217), will explain Stephanus (s. v. Olbia),
who finds fault with Philo for saying that Olbia belongs to Pamphylia: he adds,
it is not in Pamphylia, but in the land of the Solymi; and his remark is conformable
to the physical character of the country. He says, also, that the true name is
Olba. Mannert's conjecture of Olbia and Attalia being the same place, cannot be
admitted. Strabo, in an obscure passage, speaks of Corycus and Attalia together.
Leake (Asia Minor, p. 192) interprets Strabo, by comparing with his text Stephanus
(s. v. Attaleia) and Suidas (s. v. Korukaios), to mean that Attalus fixed Attalia
near a small town called Corycus, and that he inclosed Corycus and the new settlement
within the same walls. This does not appear to be exactly Strabo's meaning; but
Corycus was at least near Attalia, and received a colony and was fortified when
Attalia was built.
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FASILIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Phaselis (Phaselis: Eth. Phaselites), a maritime town of Lycia, on
the Pamphylian gulf, whence some say that it was a town of Pamphylia (Plin. v.
36; Steph. B. s v.; Dionys. Per. 855; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. § 205); but Strabo (xiv.
p. 667) distinctly informs us that Phaselis belonged to Lycia, and that Olbia
was the first Pamphylian town on the coast. The town was a Dorian colony (Herod.
ii. 178), situated on a headland, and conspicuous to those sailing from Cilicia
to Rhodes. (Liv. xxxvii. 23; Cic. in Verr. ii. 4) Behind it rose a mountain of
the same name, probably the same which is elsewhere called ta Soluma (Stadiasm.
Mar. Mag. § 204; Strab. xiv. p. 666); and in its vicinity there was a lake and
a mountain-pass leading between Mount Climax and the seacoast into Pamphylia.
Phaselis had three harbours, and rose to a high degree of prosperity, though it
did not belong to the political confederacy of the other Lycian towns, but formed
an independent state by itself. It is mentioned by Thucydides (ii. 69, comp. viii.
88, 89; Polyb. xxx. 9) as a place of some importance to the commerce of the Athenians
with Phoenicia and Cilicia. At a later period, having become the haunt of the
pirates, it was attacked and taken by Servilius Isauricus. (Cic. in Verr. iv.
1. 0; Eutrop. vi. 3; Flor. iii. 6.) Although it was restored after this disaster,
yet it never recovered its ancient prosperity; and Lucan (viii. 249, &c.) describes
it as nearly deserted when visited by Pompeyin his flight from Pharsalus. According
to Athenaeus (xiv. p. 688) the town was celebrated for the manufacture of rose-perfume,
and Nicander (ap. Athen. p. 683) praised its roses. It was the common opinion
among the ancients that the phaseli (phaseloi), a kind of light sailing boats,
were invented at Phaselis, whence all the coins of the town show the image of
such a boat. Pausanias (iii. 3. § 6) reports that the spear of Achilles was exhibited
in the temple of Athena at Phaselis. In Hierocles (p. 683) the name of the place
is corrupted into Phasydes; and the Acts of Councils show it to have been the
see of a bishop. It may also be remarked that Phaselis was the birthplace of Theodectes,
a tragic poet and rhetorician of some note. (Steph. B. s. v.; comp. Scylax, p.
39; Ptol. v. 3. § 3, 5. § 2; Eckhel, Doctr. Num. iii. p. 6.) There are still considerable
remains of the ancient Phaselis. The lake in its vicinity, says Beaufort (Karamania,
p. 56), is now a mere swamp, occupying the middle of the isthmus, and was probably
the source of those baneful exhalations which, according to Livy and Cicero, rendered
Phaselis so unhealthy. The principal port was formed by a stone pier, at the western
side of the isthmus; it projected about 200 yards into the sea, by which it has
been entirely overthrown. The theatre is scooped out of the hill, and fronting
it are the remains of several large buildings. There are also numerous sarcophagi,
some of them of the whitest marble, and of very neat workmanship. The modern name
of Phaselis is Tekrova. (Comp. Fellows, Asia Minor, p. 211, foil.; Leake, Asia
Minor, p. 190.)
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FELOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Phellus (Phellos) is mentioned by Strabo with Antiphellus. Fellows
places the site of Phellus near a village called Saaret, WNW. of Antiphellus,
and separated from it by mountains. He found on a summit the remains of a town,
and inscriptions in Greek characters, but too much defaced to be legible. Spratt
(Lycia, vol. i. p. 66) places the Pyrrha of Pliny (v. 27) at Saaret, and this
position agrees better with Pliny's words: Antiphellos quae quondam Habessus;
atque in recessu Phellus; deinde Pyrrha itemque Xanthus, &c. It is more consistent
with this passage to look for Phellus north of Antiphellus, than in any other
direction; and the ruins at Tchookoorbye, north of Antiphellus, on the spur of
a mountain called Fellerdagh, seem to be those of Phellus. These ruins, which
are not those of a large town, are described in Spratt's Lycia.
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INOANDA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Oenoanda (Oinoanda), a town in the extreme west of Pisidia, belonging
to the territory of Cibyra, with which and Balbura and Bubon it formed a tetrapolis,
a political confederacy in which each town had one vote, while Cibyra had two.
(Strab. xiii. p. 631; Steph. B. s. v.; Liv. xxxviii. 37; Plin. v. 28; comp. Cibyra)
The town is mentioned as late as the time of Hierocles, who, however (p. 685),
calls it by the corrupt name of Enoanda.
KORAKISSION (Ancient city) TURKEY
Coracesium (Korakesion), Strabo's boundary on the coast of Asia Minor
between Pamphylia and Cilicia. At Alaya, which is the site of Coracesium, begins
the mountainous coast which extends eastward to Cape Cavaliere. A mountain a little
east of Alaya, and near the coast, is marked 4800 feet high in Beaufort's map.
The promontory of Alaya (Coracesium) rises abruptly] from a low sandy isthmus,
which is separated from the mountains by a broad plain; two of its sides are cliffs
of great height, and absolutely perpendicular; and the eastern side, on which
the town is placed, is so steep that the houses seem to rest on each other: in
short, it forms a natural fortress that might be rendered impregnable; and the
numerous walls and towers prove how anxiously its former possessors laboured to
make it so. (Beaufort's Karamania, p. 172.) The bay is open to southerly winds,
the anchorage indifferent, and there is no harbour or pier. Beaufort supposes
that there may, however, have been a mole constructed here, but circumstances
prevented him from examining into that matter. The cliffs at Alaya are from 500
to 600 feet above the sea, and their perpendicular direction is continued for
60 or 70 feet below it. They are of compact white limestone, tinged by a red dross
on the outside. On the summit of the hill there are the remains of a Cyclopian
wall, and a few broken columns; but no Greek inscriptions were discovered.
Strabo's brief description of Coracesium agrees with the facts. The
natural strength of this position, a lofty and almost insulated rock, resembling
Gibraltar, will explain its historical importance. Antiochus, king of Syria, was
occupied with the siege of Coracesium when the Rhodians sent him the message which
is mentioned by Livy (xxxiii. 20). It was the only place on the Cilician coast
that had not submitted to him. The rebel Tryphon afterwards maintained himself
for some time at Coracesium. The pirates of Cilicia, against whom the Romans sent
Cn. Pompeius, kept their plunder in the strong places of the Taurus, but their
naval station was Coracesium, where with their fleet they awaited the attack of
the Roman admiral, who defeated them. (Plut. Pomp. c. 28.) In the old maps Alaya
is called Castel Ubaldo, which may possibly have been the name given to it by
the Venetians and Genoese, when in possession of this and other strongholds upon
the Caramanian coast, but there is no recollection of the name in this country
at present. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 126.)
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KORYDALLOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Corydalla (Korudalla: Eth. Korudalleus), a city of the Rhodii, according
to Hecataeus, quoted by Stephanus (s. v.). But it was not in Rhodes, nor was it
one of the Rhodian possessions in the Peraea. (Plin. v. 25; Ptol. v. 3.) The Table
marks Corydalla (Coridallo) on the road from Phaselis, selis, in Lycia, to Patara,
and makes the distance between these two places 29 M. P. Pliny (v. 25) places
Corydalla in the interior of Lycia, and Ptolemy mentions it with Sagalassus, Rhodia,
Phellus, Myra, and other places, as about Mons Massicytus. There are coins of
Corydalla of the imperial period, with the epigraph Korudalleon. It is not difficult
to see where this place should be looked for. The present site is a village called
Hadgivella, on the east side of a small stream, about 16 miles, direct distance,
south-west of Phaselis. (Spratt and Forbes, Lycia, vol. i. p. 164.) There was
discovered, in an old wall, a squared block, with its inscribed face turned towards
the stones, on which, in beautifully preserved letters, was the name of the city,
Corydalla. There are at Corydalla the remains of a small theatre, of a Roman aqueduct,
and a massive Hellenic wall. The inscription copied from Corydalla (vol. ii. p.
277) is of the time of M. Aurelius Antoninus; and it shows that Corydalla had
the usual Greek constitution, a senate and a popular body. Pliny mentions Gagae,
Corydalla, and Rhodiopolis, in this order; and Rhodiopolis was found by Spratt
and Forbes near Corydalla.
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LAMOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Lamus (Lamos) a village of Cilicia, at the mouth of the river Lamus,
from which the whole district derived the name of Lamotis. The river is mentioned
by Stephanus B. (from Alexander Polyhistor), and both the river and the village
by Strabo (xiv. p. 671) and Ptolemy (v. 8. § § 4, 6). The river, which is otherwise
of no importance, formed the boundary between Cilicia Aspera and Cilicia Propria,
and still bears the name of Lamas or Lamuzo. About the village of Lamus no particulars
are known.
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LIMYRA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Limyra (Limura or Limura), a town in the southern part of Lycia, on
the river Limyrus, twenty stadia above its mouth. (Strab. xiv. p. 666 ; comp.
Scyl. p. 39; Ptol. v. 3. § 6 ; Steph. B. s. v.) Velleius Paterculus (ii. 102)
states that Caius Caesar, the adopted son of Augustus, died at Limyra. It is often
mentioned by Roman writers, as Ovid (Met. ix. 646), Mela (i. 15), and continued
to exist down to a late period. (Basil. M. Epist. 218; Hierocl. p. 683.) Ruins
of Limyra were first discovered by Captain Beaufort above Cape Fineka; but it
was reserved for Sir Charles Fellows to explore and describe them more minutely.
In his first work (Journal of an Excursion in Asia Minor, p. 214) he only says:
two miles across the little valley, at the foot of the mountains, and up their
sides, lay the ruins of the ancient Limyra, its theatre, temples, and walls. But
in his later work (Account of Discoveries in Lycia, p. 205, foll.), he fully enters
into a description of the remains of the place, illustrated by fine engravings
and copies of some of the many inscriptions, both Greek and Lycian, in which the
place abounds. In describing the approach to the town, he says, that first he
found a fine stately sarcophagus, with a bilingual inscription. Hundreds of tombs
cut in the rocks, and quite excavating the long ribs of its protruding strata,
as they curved down the sides of the mountain, soon came in view...The inscriptions
were almost all Lycian,--some few Greek, but these were always inferior in execution,
some being merely scratched upon the surface; while the Lycian were cut deeply
in the stone, and many richly coloured,- the letters being alternately red and
blue, or in others green, yellow, or red. Some of these tombs contain beautiful
bas-reliefs, representing stories from Greek mythology. Beyond these tombs lies
the city, marked by many foundations, and by a long wall with towers. Further
on is a very pretty theatre, . . . the size of which bespeaks a small population.
The whole neighbourhood, however, is filled with tombs cut in the rocks. (Comp.
Leake, Asia Minor, p. 186.)
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MAGYDUS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Magydus (Magudos: Eth. Magudeus; called Masedos by Scylax, p. 39),
a town of Pamphylia, on the coast between Attaleia and Perge, and subsequently
of episcopal rank, is probably the Mygdale (Mugdale), of the Stadiasmus. There
are numerous imperial coins of Magydus, hearing the epigraph Magudeon. Leake identities
it with Laara. (Ptol. v. 5. § 2; Hierocl. p. 679; Stadiasms. §§ 201, 202; Leake,
Asia Minor, p. 194 Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 278.)
MYRA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Myra (ta Mura or Muron: Eth. Mureus), one of the most important towns
of Lycia, situated on the river Andracus, partly on a hill and partly on the slope
of it, at a distance of 20 stadia from the sea. (Strab. xiv. p. 666; Steph. B.
s. v.;, Plin. xxxii. 8; Ptol. v. 6. § 3, viii. 17. § 23.) The small town of Andriaca
formed its port. It is remarkable in history as the place where the apostle Paul
landed (Acts, xxv. 5); and in later times the importance of the place was recognised
in the fact that the emperor Theodosius II. raised it to the rank of the capital
of all Lycia (Hierocl. p. 684.) The town still exists, and bears its ancient name
Myra, though the Turks call it Dembre, and is remarkable for its fine remains
of antiquity. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 183) mentions the ruins of a theatre 355 feet
in diameter, several public buildings, and numerous inscribed sepulchres, some
of which have inscriptions in the Lycian characters. But the place and its splendid
ruins have since been minutely described by Sir C. Fellows (Discov. in Lycia,
p. 196, &c.), and in Texier's work (Description de l'Asie Mineure), where the
ruins are figured in 22 plates. The theatre at Myra, says Sir Charles, is among
the largest and the best built in Asia Minor: much of its fine corridor and corniced
proscenium remains. The number of tombs cut in the rock is not large, but they
are generally very spacious, and consist of several chambers communicating with
one another. Their external ornaments are enriched by sculptured statues in the
rocks around; but they are mostly without inscriptions (see the plate of one in
Sir C. Fellows' Discov. facing p. 198, and numerous others in a plate facing p.
200). On the whole, the ruins of Myra are among the most beautiful in Lycia. (Comp.
Spratt and Forbes, Travels in Lycia, vol. i. p. 131, &c.)
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PATARA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Patara (Patara : Eth. Patareus, Patarensis or Pataranus). A flourishing
maritime and commercial city on the south-west coast of Lycia. The place was large,
possessed a good harbour, and was said to have been founded by Patarus, a son
of Apollo. (Strab. xiv. p. 666; Steph. B. s. v.) It was situated at a distance
of 60 stadia to the south-east of the mouth of the river Xanthus. (Stadiasm. Mar.
Mag. § 219.) Patara was most celebrated in antiquity for its temple and oracle
of Apollo, whose renown was inferior only to that of Delphi; and the god is often
mentioned with the surname Patareus (Patareus, Strab. l. c.; Lycoph. 920; Horat.
Carm. iii. 4. 64; Stat. Theb. i. 696; Ov. Met. i. 515; Virg. Aen. iv. 143; Pomp.
Mela, i. 15.) Herodotus (i. 182) says that the oracle of Apollo was delivered
by a priestess only during a certain period of the year; and from Servius (ad
Aen. l. c.) we learn that this period was the six winter months. . It has been
supposed that the town was of Phoenician or Semitic origin; but whatever may be
thought on this point, it seems certain that at a later period it received Dorian
settlers from Crete; and the worship of Apollo was certainly Dorian. Strabo informs
us that Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt, who enlarged the city, gave it the name
of Arsinoe, but that it nevertheless continued to be called by its ancient name,
Patara. The place is often noticed by ancient writers as one of the principal
cities of Lycia, as by Livy, xxxiii. 41, xxxvii. 15-17, xxxviii. 39; Polyb. xxii.
26; Cic. p. Flacc. 32; Appian, B.C. iv. 52, 81, Mithr. 27; Plin. ii.112, v. 28;
Ptol. v. 3. § 3, viii. 17. § 22; Dionys. Per. 129, 507. Patara is mentioned among
the Lycian bishoprics in the Acts of Councils (Hierocl. p. 684), and the name
Patera is still attached to its numerous ruins. These, according to the survey
of Capt. Beaufort, are situated on the sea-shore, a little to the eastward of
the river Xanthus, and consist of a theatre excavated in the northern side of
a small hill, a ruined temple on the side of the same hill, and a deep circular
pit, of singular appearance, which may have been the seat of the oracle. The town
walls surrounded an area of considerable extent; they may easily be traced, as
well as the situation of a castle which commanded the harbour, and of several
towers which flanked the walls. On the outside of the walls there is a multitude
of stone sarcophagi, most of them bearing inscriptions, but all open and empty;
and within the walls, temples, altars, pedestals, and fragments of sculpture appear
in profusion, but ruined and mutilated. The situation of the harbour is still
apparent, but at present it is a swamp, choked up with sand and bushes. (Beaufort,
Karmania, pp. 2, 6.) The theatre, of which a plan is given in Leake's Asia Minor
(p. 320), was built in the reign of Antoninus Pius; its diameter is 265 feet,
and has about 30 rows of seats. There are also ruins of thermae, which, according
to an inscription upon them, were built by Vespasian. (Comp. Sir C. Fellows, Tour
in Asia Min. p. 222, foll.; Discov. in Lycia, p. 179, foil.; Texier, Descript.
de l'Asie Min., which contains numerous representations of the ancient remains
of Patara; Spratt and Forbes, Travels in Lycia, i. p. 31; foll.)
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PERGI (Ancient city) TURKEY
Perge or Perga (Perge: Eth. Pergaios), an ancient and important city
of Pamphylia, between the rivers Catarrhactes and Cestrus, at a distance of 60
stadia from the mouth of the latter. (Strab. xiv. p. 667; Plin. v. 26; Pomp. Mel.
i. 14; Ptol. v. 5. § 7.) It was renowned for the worship of Artemis, whose temple
stood on a hill outside the town, and in whose honour annual festivals were celebrated.
(Strab. l. c.; Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 187; Scylax, p. 39; Dionys. Per. 854.) The
coins of Perge represent both the goddess and her temple. Alexander the Great
occupied Perge with a part of his army after quitting Phaselis, between which
two towns the road is described as long and difficult (Arrian, Anab. i. 26; comp.
Polyb. v. 72, xxii. 25; Liv. xxxviii. 37.) We learn from the Acts of the Apostles
(xiv. 24, 25) that Paul and Barnabas preached the gospel at Perge. (Comp. Acts,
xiii. 13.) In the ecclesiastical notices and in Hierocles (p. 679) Perge appears
as the metropolis of Pamphylia. (Comp. Steph. B. s. v.; Eckhel, Doctr. Num. i.
3, p. 12.) There are considerable ruins of Perge about 16 miles to the north-east
of Adalia, at a place now called Eski-Kalesi. (Comp. Leake, Asia Minor, p. 132;
Texier, Descript. de l'Asie Min., where the ruins are figured in 19 plates; Fellows,
Asia Minor, p. 190, &c.)
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PODALIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Podalaea (Podalaia, Podallia, Podalia, or Podaleia: Eth. Podaleotes),
a town of Lycia, situated in the neighbourhood of Limyra (Steph. B. s. v.); but
according to Ptolemy (v. 3. § 7) not far from the sources of the Xanthus in the
north of Lycia. (Comp. Plin. v. 28; Hierocl. p. 683.) Sir C. Fellows (Lycia, p.
232, &c.) looks for its site further east towards Mount Solyma, where remains
of an ancient town (Cyclopian walls and rock-tombs) near Almalec, are still found,
and are known by the name of Eski Hissar, i. e. old town.
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RODIAPOLIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Rhodia (Rhodia: Eth. Rhodieus), a town of Lycia, situated in the mountains
on the north of Corydallus. (Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. v. 3. § 6; Phot. Cod. 176.)
At the time when Col. Leake wrote his work on Asia Minor (p. 186) the site of
this town was not yet ascertained, and Sir C. Fellows did not examine the district;
but the inscriptions which have since been found fix its site at the place now
called Eski Hissar. (Spratt and Forbes, Travels in Lycra, i. pp. 166, 181.) The
town had a temple of Asclepius, and its citizens are not called, as Stephanus
Byz. asserts, Rhodieis, but Rhodiapolitai or Rhodiopolitai, whence it appears
that Pliny (v. 28) correctly calls the town Rhodiopolis. A plan of the numerous
remains of this town is given by Spratt, according to whom it was not surrounded
by walls: the theatre stands nearly in the centre, and is small, having a diameter
of only 136 feet; but many of the seats remain, and the basement of the proscenium
is perfect. In the front of it is a terrace, with seats along the parapet. Remains
of churches show that the place was inhabited in Christian times. There are also
traces of an aqueduct. The town being situated on a lofty eminence, commands an
extensive southern prospect.
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SELGI (Ancient city) TURKEY
Selge (Selge: Eth. Selgeus), an important city in Pisidia, on the
southern slope of Mount Taurus, at the part where the river Eurymedon forces its
way through the mountains towards the south. The town was believed to be a Greek
colony, for Strabo (xii. p. 520) states that it was founded by Lacedaemonians,
but adds the somewhat unintelligible remark that previously it had been founded
by Calchas (Comp. Polyb. v. 76; Steph. B. s. v.; Dion. Per. 858). The acropolis
of Selge bore the name of Cesbedium (Kesbedion; Polyb. l. c.) The district in
which the town was situated was extremely fertile, producing abundance of oil
and wine, but the town itself was difficult of access, being surrounded by precipices
and beds of torrents flowing towards the Eurymedon and Cestrus, and requiring
bridges to make them passable. In consequence of its excellent laws and political
constitution, Selge rose to the rank of the most powerful and populous city of
Pisidia, and at one time was able to send an army of 20,000 men into the field.
Owing to these circumstances, and the valour of its inhabitants, for which they
were regarded as worthy kinsmen of the Lacedaemonians, the Selgians were never
subject to any foreign power, but remained in the enjoyment of their own freedom
and independence. When Alexander the Great passed through Pisidia, the Selgians
sent an embassy to him and gained his favour and friendship. (Arrian, Anab. i.
28.) At that time they were at war with the Telmissians. At the period when Achaeus
had made himself master of Western Asia, the Selgians were at war with Pednelissus,
which was besieged by them; and Achaeus, on the invitation of Pednelissus, sent
a large force against Selge. After a long and vigorous siege, the Selgians, being
betrayed and despairing of resisting Achaeus any longer, sent deputies to sue
for peace, which was granted to them on the following terms: they agreed to pay
immediately 400 talents, to restore the prisoners of Pednelissus, and after a
time to pay 300 talents in addition. (Polyb. v. 72--77.) We now have for a long
time no particulars about the history of Selge; in the fifth century of our era
Zosimus (v. 15) calls it indeed a little town, but it was still strong enough
to repel a body of Goths. It is strange that Pliny does not notice Selge, for
we know from its coins that it was still a flourishing town in the time of Hadrian;
and it is also mentioned in Ptolemy (v. 5. § 8) and Hierocles (p. 681). Independently
of wine and oil, the country about Selge was rich in timber, and a variety of
trees, among which the storax was much valued from its yielding a strong perfume.
Selge was also celebrated for an ointment prepared from the iris root. (Strab.
l. c.; Plin. xii. 55, xxi. 19; comp. Liv. xxxv. 13.) Sir C. Fellows (Asia Minor,
p. 171, foll.) thinks that he has discovered the ruins of Selge about 10 miles
to the north-east of the village of Boojak. They are seen on a lofty promontory
now presenting magnificent wrecks of grandeur. I rode, says Sir Charles, at least
3 miles through a part of the city, which was one pile of temples, theatres, and
buildings, vying with each other in splendour...The material of these ruins had
suffered much from the exposure to the elements, being grey with a lichen which
has eaten into the marble, and entirely destroyed the surface and inscriptions;
but the scale, the simple grandeur, and the uniform beauty of style bespoke its
date to be the early Greek. The sculptured cornices frequently contain groups
of figures fighting, wearing helmets and body-armour, with shields and long spears;
from the ill-proportioned figures and general appearance, they must rank in date
with the Aegina marbles. The ruins are so thickly strewn, that little cultivation
is practicable; but in the areas of theatres, cellas of temples, and any space
where a plough can be used, the wheat is springing up. The general style of the
temples is Corinthian, but not so florid as in less ancient towns. The tombs are
scattered for a mile from the town, and are of many kinds, some cut in chambers
in face of the rock, others sarcophagi of the heaviest form; they have had inscriptions,
and the ornaments are almost all martial; several seats remain among the tombs.
I can scarcely guess the number of temples or columned buildings in the town,
but I certainly traced fifty or sixty... Although apparently unnecessary for defence,
the town has had strong walls, partly built with large stones in the Cyclopean
mode... I never conceived so high an idea of the works of the ancients as from
my visit to this place, standing as it does in a situation, as it were, above
the world. It is to be regretted that it was impossible by means of inscriptions
or coins to identify this place with the ancient Selge more satisfactorily. (Comp.
Von Hammer, in the Wiener Jahrbucher, vol. cvi. p. 92.)
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SELINOUS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Selinus (Selinous: Eth. Selinountios or Selinousios: Selenti), a port-town
on the west coast of Cilicia, at the mouth of a small river of the same name,
which is now called Selenti. (Scylax, p. 40; Liv. xxxiii. 20; Strab. xiv. p. 682;
Ptol. v. 8. § 2, viii. 17. § 42; Plin. v. 22.) This town is memorable in history
as the place where, in A.D. 117, the emperor Trajan is said by some authors to
have died (Dion Cass. lxviii. 33). After this event the place for a time bore
the name of Trajanopolis; but its bishops afterwards are called bishops of Selinus.
(Hierocl. p. 709.) Basil of Seleucia (Vita S. Theclae, ii. 17) describes the place
as reduced to a state of insignificance in his time, though it had once been a
great commercial town. (Comp. Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. § § 203, 204; Lucan viii.260;
Chron. Paschale, p. 253.) Selinus was situated on a precipitous rock, surrounded
on almost every side by the sea, by which position it was rendered almost impregnable.
The whole of the rock, however, was not included in the ancient line of fortifications;
inside the walls there still are many traces of houses, but on the outside, and
between the foot of the hill and the river, the remains of some large buildings
are yet standing, which appear to be a mausoleum, an agora, a theatre, an aqueduct,
and some tombs (Beaufort, Karamania, p. 186, fell.)
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SYLLION (Ancient city) TURKEY
Syllium (Sullion), a fortified town of Pamphylia, situated on a lofty
height between Aspendus and Side, and between the rivers Eurymedon and Cestrus,
at a distance of 40 stadia from the coast. (Strab. xiv. p. 667; Arrian, Anab.
i. 25; Scylax, p. 40; Ptol. v. 5. § 1; Hieroel. p. 679; Polyb. xxii. 17; Steph.
B. mentions it under the name Suleion, while in other passages it is called Sulaion,
Sullon, and Silonon.) Sir C. Fellows (Asia Minor, p. 200) thinks that the remains
of a Greek town which he found in a wood on the side of a rocky hill near Bolcascooe
belong to the ancient Syllium; but from his description; they do not appear to
exist on a lofty height.
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TERMISSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Termessus (Termessos, Termesos, Termesos, Termissos, Telmissos: Eth.
Termesseus), a town of Pisidia, celebrated for its natural strength no less: than
for its artificial fortifications, was situated on a height of Mount Taurus, at
the entrance of the defiles which are traversed by the river Catarrhactes, and
formed the means of communication between Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Lycia. (Strab.
xiii. p. 630, xiv. p. 666; Ptol. v. 5. § 6, viii. 17. § 34; Polyb. xxii. 18; Steph.
B. s. v.; Dion. Per. 859.) A peak of the mountain rising above the acropolis bore
the name of Solymus; and the inhabitants of the town itself were, as Strabo says,
called Solymi. They were certainly not Greeks, for Arrian (i. 27) distinctly calls
them Pisidians and barbarians. Their town stood on a lofty height, precipitous
on all sides; and the road running close. by the place was very difficult, passing
through a narrow gorge, which could be defended by a small force. Alexander the
Great succeeded indeed in forcing his way through it, but despairing of the possibility
of taking Termessus, he continued his march. Strabo (xiv. p. 666) therefore seems
to be mistaken in stating that Alexander conquered the place. The consul Manlius,
after relieving Isionda, passed along the same road. (Liv. xxxviii. 15.) The town
of Termessus continued to exist down to a late period, when it was the see of
a Christian bishop, who also had the administration of two neighbouring places,
Jovia and Eudocia. (Hierocl. p. 680.) The site of ancient Termessus has not been
difficult to discover by modern travellers, and considerable remains still exist
at Karabunar Kiui, at the foot of the height on which the ancient fortress was
situated. (Leake, Asia Minor, pp. 133-135.) As to the coins of Termessus, which
come down as far as the reign of the emperor Severus, see Sestini, p. 96. On some
of these coins we read meizonon in addition to the name of the Termessians, a
circumstance which confirms the statement of Stephanus B. that there was another
town of the same name in Pisidia, which was called Lesser Termessus (Termessos
he mikra.)
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XANTHOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Xanthus (Xanthos: Eth. Xanthios), the greatest and most celebrated
city of Lycia, was situated according to Strabo (xiv. p. 666) at a distance of
70 stadia from the mouth of the river Xanthus, and according to the Stadiasmus
( § 247) only 60 stadia. Pliny (v. 28) states the distance at 15 Roman miles,
which is much too great. (Comp. Steph. B. s. r.; Ptol. v. 3. § 5; Mela, i. 15;
Polyb. xxvi. 7.) This famous city was twice destroyed, on each of which occasions
its inhabitants defended themselves with undaunted valour. The first catastrophe
befell the city in the reign of Cyrus, when Harpagus besieged it with a Persian
army. On that occasion the Xanthians buried themselves,, with all they possessed,
under the ruins of their city. (Herod. i. 176.) After this event the city must
have been rebuilt; for during the Roman civil wars consequent upon the murder
of Caesar, Xanthus was invested by the army of Brutus, as its inhabitants refused
to open their gates to him. Brutus, after a desperate struggle, took the city
by assault. The Xanthians continued the fight in the streets, and perished with
their wives and children in the flames, rather than submit to the Romans. (Dion
Cass. xlvii. 34; Appian, B.C. iv. 18, foll.) After this catastrophe, the city
never recovered. The chief buildings at Xanthus were temples of Sarpedon (Appian,
l. c.), and of the Lycian Apollo. (Diod. v. 77.) At a distance of 60 stadia down
the river and 10 stadia from its mouth, there was a sanctuary of Leto on the bank
of the Xanthus. (Strab. l. c.) The site of Xanthus and its magnificent ruins were
first discovered and described by Sir C. Fellows in his Excursion in Asia Minor,
p. 225, foll. (comp. his Lycia, p. 164, foll.) These ruins stand near the village
of Koonik, and consist of temples, tombs, triumphal arches, walls, and a theatre.
The site, says Sir Charles, is extremely romantic, upon beautiful hills, some
crowned with rocks, others rising perpendicularly from the river. The city does
not appear to have been very large, but its remains show that it was highly ornamented,
particularly the tombs. The architecture and sculptures of the place, of which
many specimens are in an excellent state of preservation, and the inscriptions
in a peculiar alphabet, have opened up a page in the history of Asia Minor previously
quite unknown. The engravings in Fellows' works furnish a clear idea of the high
perfection which the arts must have attained at Xanthus. (See also Spratt and
Forbes, Travels in Lycia, i. p. 5, and ii., which contains an excellent plan of
the site and remains of Xanthus; E. Braun, Die Marmorwerke von Xanthos in Lykia,
Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. iii. p. 481, foll.)
A large collection of marbles, chiefly sepulchral, discovered at Xanthus
by Sir C. Fellows, and brought to England in 1842 and 1843, has been arranged
in the British Museum. Of these a full account is given in the Supplement to the
Penny Cyclopaedia, vol. ii. p. 713, foil.
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ASPENDOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
A city of Pamphylia, lying for the most part on a rocky precipice,
on the banks of the river Eurymedon. It was a flourishing place even before the
expedition of the younger Cyrus. It was here that the Athenian patriot Thrasybulus
terminated his life. Being off the coast, he levied contributions from the Aspendians,
who, seizing an opportunity when he was on shore, surprised him in his tent at
night, and slew him.
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ATTALIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
A city on the coast of Pamphylia, founded by Attalus II. Philadelphus, and subdued by the Romans under P. Servilius Isauricus.
FASILIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town on the coast of Lycia, near the borders of Pamphylia,
founded by Dorian colonists. It became afterwards the headquarters of the pirates
who infested the southern coasts of Asia Minor, and was therefore destroyed by
P. Servilius Isauricus. Phaselis is said to have been the place at which light,
quick vessels called phaseli were first built.
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FELOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
(Phellos). A city of Lycia.
GAGE (Ancient city) TURKEY
(Gagai). A town on the coast of Lycia, whence came quantities of jet (gagates lithos, Gagates lapis) still called in German gagat.
KORAKISSION (Ancient city) TURKEY
Korakesion. A very strong city of Cilicia Aspera, on the borders
of Pamphylia, standing upon a steep rock, and possessing a good harbour. It was
the only place in Cilicia that offered a successful resistance to Alexander the
Great.
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LIMYRA (Ancient city) TURKEY
(ta Aimura). A city in the southeast of Lycia, on the river Limyrus.
MYRA (Ancient city) TURKEY
(ta Mura) and Myron (Muron). One of the chief cities of Lycia, built on a rock two miles from the sea. Remarkable ruins still exist here.
PATARA (Ancient city) TURKEY
(ta Patara). One of the chief cities of Lycia, situated on the coast a few miles east of the mouth of the Xanthus. It was early colonized by Dorians from Crete, and became a chief seat of the worship of Apollo, who had here a very celebrated oracle, which uttered responses in the winter only. Hence Apollo is called by Horace Delius et Patareus Apollo.
PERGI (Ancient city) TURKEY
An ancient and important city of Pamphylia, a little inland, northeast of Attalia, between the rivers Catarrhactes and Cestrus, sixty stadia (six geographical miles) from the mouth of the former. It was a celebrated seat of the worship of Artemis. It was the first place in Asia Minor visited by the Apostle Paul on his first missionary journey.
SELGI (Ancient city) TURKEY
One of the chief of the independent mountain cities of Pisidia,
stood on the south side of Mount Taurus, on the Eurymedon, just where the river
breaks through the mountain chain. Its people were the most warlike of all the
Pisidians, and claimed descent from the Lacedemonians, even inscribing the name
Lakedaimon on their coins. Ruins of the ancient city still exist.
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SELINOUS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Now Selenti, a town in Cilicia, situated on the coast.
SIDI (Ancient port) TURKEY
Now Eski Adalia; a city of Pamphylia, on the coast, a little west of the river Melas. It was an Aeolian colony from Cyme in Aeolis, and was a chief seat of the worship of Athene, who is represented on its coins holding a pomegranate (side) as the emblem of the city.
TERMISSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
A city of Pisidia, high up on the Taurus in the pass through which the river Catarrhactes flowed, and regarded as so impregnable that even Alexander the Great made no attempt to take it.
XANTHOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Now Gunik; the most famous city of Lycia, standing on the west
bank of the river of the same name, sixty stadia from its mouth. Twice in the
course of its history it sustained sieges, which terminated in the self-destruction
of the inhabitants with their property, first against the Persians under Harpagus,
and long afterwards against the Romans under Brutus. The city was never restored
after its destruction on the latter occasion. Xanthus was rich in temples and
tombs, and other monuments of a most interesting character, and several important
remains of its works of art are now exhibited in the British Museum.
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ASPENDOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
the later name of Aspendus
KORAKISSION (Ancient city) TURKEY
Total results on 25/9/2001: 4
ANTIFELOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
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