Εμφανίζονται 37 τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Πληροφορίες για τον τόπο στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΒΕΛΓΙΟ Χώρα ΕΥΡΩΠΗ" .
ΒΕΛΓΙΟ (Χώρα) ΕΥΡΩΠΗ
Belgae Caesar (B. G. i. 1) makes the Belgae, by which he means the
country of the Belgae, one of the great divisions of Gallia. The Belgae were separated
from their southern neighbours the Celtae by the Seine and the Marne (Matrona),
a branch of the Seine. Their boundary on the west was the Ocean; on the east and
north the lower course of the Rhine. Caesar's Gallia extends as far as the outlets
of the Rhine (B. G. iv. 10), and includes the Insula Batavorum; but there is a
debated point or two about the outlets of the Rhine, which is better discussed
elsewhere. Caesar does not fix the boundary of the Belgae between the source of
the Marne and the Rhine; but as the Lingones and the Sequani seem to be the most
northern of the Celtae in these parts, the boundary may have run from the source
of the Marne along the Cote d'Or and the Faucilles to the Vosges (Vosegus Mons);
and the Vosegus was the boundary from the north bank of the Doubs (Dubis) to its
termination in the angle formed by the juncture of the Nahe and the Rhine, near
Bingen, with this exception that the Mediomatrici extended to the Rhine (B. G.
iv. 10). The people on the east of the Vosges were Germans, Vangiones, Nemetes,
Tribocci, who occupied the plain of Alsace, and perhaps somewhat more. (Tacit.
German. 28.) These three tribes, or a part of each, were in the army of Ariovistus.
(Caes. B. G. i. 51.) As to the Tribocci at least, their position on the left bank
of the Rhine in Caesar's time, is certain. (B. G. iv. 10). Strabo (p. 194) speaks
of them as having crossed the Rhine into Gallia,without mentioning the time of
this passage. The Nemetes and Vangiones may have settled west of the Rhine after
Caesar's time, and this supposition agrees with Caesar's text, who does not mention
them in B. G. iv. 12, which he should have done, if they had then been on the
Gallic side of the Rhine. Caesar's military operations in Gallia did not extend
to any part of the country between the Mosel and the Rhine. The battle in which
he defeated Ariovistus was probably fought in the plain of Alsace, north of Bale;
but Caesar certainly advanced no further north in that direction, for it was unnecessary:
he finished this German war by driving the Germans into the Rhine.
Caesar gives to a part of the whole country, which lie calls the country
of the Belgae, the name of Belgium (B. G. v. 12, 24, 25); a term which he might
form after the fashion of the Roman names, Latium and Samnium. But the reading
Belgio is some-what uncertain, for the final o and the s may easily have been
confounded in the MSS.; and though the MSS. are in favour of Belgio in v. 12,
25, they are in favour of Belgis in v. 24. The form Belgio occurs also in Hirtius
(B. G. viii. 46, 49, 54), in the common texts. The form Belgium, which would decide
the matter, does not occur in the Gallic war. But whether Belgium is a genuine
form or not, Caesar uses either Belgium or Belgae, in a limited sense, as well
as in the general sense of a third part of Gallia. For in v. 24, where he is describing
the position of his troops during the winter of the year B.C. 54-53, he speaks
of three legions being quartered in Belgium or among the Belgae, while he mentions
others as quartered among the Morini, the Nervii, the Essui, the Remi, the Treviri,
and the Eburones, all of whom are Belgae, in the wider sense of the term. The
part designated by the term Belgium or Belgae in v. 24, is the country of the
Bellovaci (v. 46). In Hirtius (viii. 46, 47) the town of Nemetocenna (Arras),
the chief place of the Atrebates, is placed in Belgium. The position of the Ambiani,
between the Bellovaci and the Atrebates, would lead to a probable conclusion that
the Ambiani were Belgae; and this is confirmed by a comparison with v. 24, for
Caesar placed three legions in Belgium, under three commanders; and though he
only mentions the place of one of them as being among the Bellovaci, we may conclude
what was the position of the other two from the names of the Ambiani and Atrebates
being omitted in the enumeration in v. 24. There was, then, a people, or three
peoples, specially named Belgae, whom Caesar places between the Oise and the upper
basin of the Schelde, in the old French provinces of Picardie and Artois. We might
be inclined to consider the Caleti as Belgae, from their position between the
three Belgic peoples and the sea; and some geographers support this conclusion
by a passage in Hirtius (viii. 6), but this passage would also make us conclude
that the Aulerci were Belgae, and that would be false.
In B. G. ii. 4, Caesar enumerates the principal peoples in the country
of the Belgae in its wider sense, which, besides those above enumerated, were:
the Suessiones, who bordered on the Remi; the Menapii in the north, on the lower
Maas, and bordering. on the Morini on the south and the Batavi on the north; the
Caleti, at the mouth of the Seine;2 the Velocasses on the Seine, in the Vexin;
the Veromandui, north of the Suessiones, in Vermandois, and the Aduatuci on the
Maas, and probably about the confluence of the Maas and Sambre. The Condrusi,
Eburones, Caeraesi, and Paemani, who are also mentioned in B. G. ii. 4, were called
by the general name of Germani. They were all in the basin of the Maas, extending
from Tongern, southwards, but chiefly on the east side of the Maas; and the Eburones
extended to the Rhine. The Aduatuci were said to be Teutones and Cimbri. (B. G.
ii. 29.)
Besides these peoples, there are mentioned by Caesar (B. G. v. 5)
the Meldi, who are not the Meldi on the Seine, but near Bruges, or thereabouts;
and the Batavi, in the Insula Batavorum. The Segni, mentioned in B. G. vi. 32
with the Condrusi, were probably Germans, and situated in Namur. The Ambivareti
(B. G. iv. 9, vii. 90) are of doubtful position. The Mediomatrici, south of the
Treviri, were included in Caesar's Belgae; and also the Leuci, south of the Mediomatrici.
The Parisii, on the Seine, were Celtae. These are the peoples included in Caesar's
Belgae, except some few, such as those mentioned in B. G. v. 39, of whom we know
nothing.
This division of Gallia comprehends part of the basin of the Seine,
the basin of the Somme, of the Schelde, and of the Maas; and the basin of the
Mosel, which belongs to the basin of the Rhine. It is a plain country, and contains
no mountain range except the Vosges. The hills that bound the basin of the Mosel
are inconsiderable elevations. The tract of the Ardennes (the Arduenna Silva),
is rugged, but not mountainous. There is also the hilly tract along the Maas between
Dinant and Liege, and north and east as far as Aix-la-Chapelle. The rest is level,
and is a part of the great plain of Northern Europe.
Caesar (B. G. i. 1) makes the Belgae distinct from the Celtae and
Aquitani in usages, political constitution, and language; but little weight is
due to this general expression, for it appears that those whom Caesar calls Belgae
were not all one people; they had pure Germans among them, and, besides this,
they were mixed with Germans. The Remi told Caesar (B. G. ii. 4) that most of
the Belgae were of German origin, that they had crossed the Rhine of old, and,
being attracted by the fertility of the soil, had settled in the parts about there,
and expelled the Galli who were the cultivators of those parts. This is the true
meaning of Caesar's text: a story of an ancient invasion from the north and east
of the Rhine by Germanic people, of which we have a particular instance in the
case of the Batavi; of the Galli who were disturbed, being at that remote time
an agricultural people, and of their being expelled by the Germans. But Caesar's
words do not admit any further inference than that these German invaders occupied
the parts near the Rhine. The Treviri and Nervii affected a German origin (Tacit.
German. 28), which, if it be true, must imply that they had some reason for affecting
it; and also that they were not pure Germans, or they might have said so. Strabo
(p. 192) makes the Nervii Germans. The fact of Caesar making such a river as the
Marne a boundary between Belgic and Celtic peoples, is a proof that he saw some
marked distinction between Belgae and Celtae, though there were many points of
resemblance. Now, as most of the Belgae were Germans or of German origin, as the
Remi believed or said, there must have been some who were not Germans or of German
origin; and if we exclude the Menapii, the savage Nervii, and the pure Germans,
we cannot affirm that any of the remainder of the Belgae were Germans. The name
of the Morini alone is evidence that they are not Germans; for their name is only
a variation of the form Armorici.
Within the time of man's memory, when Caesar was in Gallia, Divitiacus,
a king of the Suessiones, was the most powerful prince in all Gallia, and had
established his authority even in Britain (B. G. ii. 4). Belgae had also passed
into Britain, and settled there in the maritime parts (B. G. v. 12), and they
retained the names of the peoples from which they came. The direct historical
conclusion from the ancient authorities as to the Belgae, is this: they were a
Celtic people, some of whom in Caesar's time were mixed with Germans, without
having lost their national characteristics. Caesar, wanting a name under which
he could comprehend all the peoples north of the Seine, took the name of Belgae,
which seems to have been the general name of a few of the most powerful peoples
bordering on the Seine. Strabo (p. 176), who makes a marked distinction between
the Aquitani and the rest of the people of Celtica or Gallia Transalpina, states
that the rest have the Gallic or Celtic physical characteristics, but that they
have not all the same language, some differing a little in tongue, and in their
political forms and habits a little; all which expresses as great a degree of
uniformity among peoples spread over so large a surface as could by any possibility
exist in the state of civilization at that time. Strabo, besides the Commentarii
of Caesar, had the work of Posidonius as an authority, who had travelled in Gallia.
When Augustus made a fourfold division of Gallia, B.C. 27, which in
fact subsisted before him in Caesar's time,- for the Provincia is a division of
Gallia independent of Caesar's threefold division (B. G. i. 1),- he enlarged Aquitania,
and he made a division named Lugdunensis, of which Lugdunum (Lyon) was the capital.
Strabo's description of this fourfold division is not clear, and it is best explained
by considering the new division of Gallia altogether. Strabo, after describing
some of the Belgic tribes, says (p. 194), the rest are the peoples of the Paroceanitic
Belgae, among whom are the Veneti. The word Paroceanitic is the same as Caesar's
Armoric, or the peoples on the sea. He also mentions the Osismi, who were neighbours
of the Veneti. This passage has been used to prove (Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois,
Introd.) that these Paroceanitic Belgae, the Veneti and their neighbours, and
the Belgae north of the Seine, were two peoples or confederations of the same
race; and as the Veneti were Celts, so must the Belgae north of the Seine be.
It might be said that Strabo here uses Belgae in the sense of the extended Belgian
division, for he clearly means to say that this division comprehended some part
of the country between the Loire and the Seine, the western part at least. But
his account of the divisions of Gallia is so confused that it cannot be relied
on, nor does it agree with that of Pliny. It is certain, however, that some changes
were made in the divisions of Gallia between the time of Augustus and the time
of Pliny.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
A division of Gallia Belgica. The name is often used of the whole country.
ΒΡΥΞΕΛΛΕΣ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
The modern Bregella or Brescella; a town on the right bank of the Padus (Po), in Gallia Cisalpina, where the emperor Otho committed suicide in A.D. 69.
ΑΡΛΟΝ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Orolaunum (Arlon) Belgium.
A large vicus of the civitas Treverorum, at the intersection of the Reims-Trier and Tongres-Metz roads. The name is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary and in an inscription found in 1936. The two roads crossed near the source of the Semois, at the foot of the hill of St. Donat (an ancient oppidum of the Iron Age?). The center of the built-up area must have been located at that spot. The most important finds of the period of the Early Empire include a rectangular building near the Wolkrange road, examined in 1840. Bases of columns and a capital in Differdange stone were found there. Another building, elongated in plan, was found at the beginning of the century at the Chemin des Vaches. Finally, the remains of a large bath building, perhaps of religious character, was excavated in 1907 near the source of the Semois. The complex (14 x 12 m) was divided into four rooms, one of them above a hypocaust. It was attached to a pool (3.4 x 4.5 m). An industrial district with lime kilns and potter's kilns was located on the outskirts of the built-up area. The main necropolis of the Early Empire was located at the Hohgericht, where hundreds of tombs (the oldest of which seem to date to the time of Augustus) were pillaged by private collectors. Apparently the vicus was ravaged during one of the barbarian invasions of the second half of the 3d c. At the end of the 3d c. or beginning of the 4th, a keep was built on the hill of St. Donat. A rampart was built halfway up the hill, forming an oval (ca. 300 x 250 m) with a perimeter of ca. 1 km. The wall, 4 m thick, has massive semicircular towers on the inside as breastworks. A large number of sculpted stones from the funerary monuments of the necropoleis of the Early Empire were used in the foundations. The funerary monuments found in the wall form the finest collection of ancient sculpture found in Belgium, comparable to the discoveries at Buzenol, Trier, and Neumagen. (A few are visible in situ; the rest are at the museum in Arlon.) The sculptors very often reproduced scenes of daily life, as well as mythological and symbolic subjects. The building of the enceinte did not, however, lead to the complete abandonment of the ancient site of the vicus. The bath building at the source of the Semois was restored. Near these baths a small Christian sanctuary, basilican in plan, was built during the 4th c. It is to date the only Early Christian church found in Belgium.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΒΕΡΒΙΚ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Viroviacum (Wervik) Belgium.
A vicus on the road from Turnacum (Tournai) to Castellum Menapiorum (Cassel), mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary (376) and the Peutinger Table (which gives the form Virovino). The identification with Wervik was essentially based on toponymy, but for a long time remained uncertain because the two documents gave contradictory distances; excavations conducted in 1950 confirmed it. These excavations cut through the Tournai-Cassel road (7 m wide at that point) and uncovered an important archaeological level with remains of wooden buildings, dumps, a potter's kiln, traces of ironworks (with a smelting furnace), and a well. The upper part of the well was a masonry drum with large ashlars; the lower part consisted of a square wooden lining. Study of the pottery indicates that the vicus was occupied from the middle of the 1st c. A.D. until about the middle of the 3d. Probably the center was sacked during one of the barbarian invasions of the second half of the 3d c. There is no proof that the site was reoccupied during the 4th c.
ΒΩΝΤΡΕΖ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Vodgoriacum (Waudrez) Belgium.
The Gallo-Roman vicus of the civitas Nerviorum, on the Bavai-Tongres road 12 leugae from Bavai, is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary (378) and in the Peutinger Table (under the form of Vogodorgiaco). The identification with Waudrez is based on the distance from Bavai, on toponymy, and also on archaeological finds. These include some wells, a potter's kiln, many potsherds, and some bronze artifacts (bracelets, keys, a spatula, a pin). The many late Gallic coins indicate that the vicus developed from a native center. The remains date mainly to the 1st and 2d c. and the series of coins is interrupted at Gallienus (253-68). This seems to indicate that the vicus was ravaged during one of the barbarian invasions of the period. Nevertheless, 4th c. pottery was found in the fill of a building excavated in 1953. In 1890 a hoard of coins was found which was buried ca. 134-38 during the reign of Hadrian.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΓΑΝΔΗ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Ganda (Ghent) Belgium.
A Gallo-Roman vicus of the city of the Menapii, at the confluence of the Lys and
the Escaut. Nothing was known of it until excavations were started in 1960. The
name, appearing only in mediaeval sources, is pre-Roman and means "meeting
of rivers". On the site of the vicus a settlement with necropolis was found,
dating from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age (from the end of Ha A to the end
of Ha D), but so far no remains have been discovered of an Iron Age settlement
that would have preceded the Gallo-Roman vicus. The beginnings of the vicus go
back to the mid 1st c. A.D. The settlement spread out for 2 km on a narrow strip
of land surrounded by marshes on the left bank of the Escaut: to the W, from the
point where the two rivers meet; to the E, up to the modern village of Destelbergen.
At the W end of the vicus, in the ruins of the mediaeval abbey of St. Bavon, great
quantities of Roman pottery were found ca. 1930, but thorough excavations have
taken place only at the E end of the settlement. Isolated finds were made in between
these two spots. The excavations, which were carried out at the edge of present-day
Ghent, revealed that the part of the vicus studied was half rural in character
(with orchards, meadows, and paddocks for cattle, but no fields) and half industrial
(with significant traces of iron-smelting works, limonite from nearby boglands
being used for ore). No fewer than ten wells, with wooden linings, were found;
most probably they were related to the iron-smelting operation. To the SE of the
vicus a large necropolis was found with from 1000 to 2000 tombs, most of them
from the 3d c. Among these tombs, which are of the incineration-pit type, is one
that is unique in the archaeology of the NW provinces of the Roman Empire. This
is a collective tomb (13.3 x 1.4 m) in which were found the charred bones of about
twenty deceased--men, women, and children. The rich grave gifts, placed on the
pyre along with the bodies, had been severely damaged. Among the objects were
sherds of 700 to 800 pottery vases, 25 coins, about 50 fibulas (some 20 of them
enameled), a perfume flask of bronze, rings, hairpins, glass and bone articles.
The tomb is generally taken as evidence that an epidemic raged through the vicus,
in the course of which a large number of its inhabitants perished.
Ganda was linked to Bavai by a road that passed through the vici of
Velzeke and Blicquy. Other roads probably connected it to the settlements of Aardenburg
to the XV and Hofstade and Asse to the E. The vicus was certainly still inhabited
in the 4th c. There is some evidence, from topography and the study of local place
names, that there was a castellum at Ganda in the 4th c.; its site has not yet
been definitely located.
In the 7th c. a Merovingian settlement took the place of the Gallo-Roman
vicus; its inhabitants were evangelized by St. Amand, who built an abbey there
(later dedicated to St. Bavon). By the 8th and 9th c. the town had become a port
of some economic importance, but was completely destroyed at the time of the Viking
invasions in the 9th c. When the Vikings left, another port which developed farther
W, between the Lys and the Escaut, kept the name of the old vicus. Ghent (Fr.
Gand) became one of the leading cities of the Middle Ages, although the site of
the original vicus had become by then completely rural.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΚΟΥΡΤΡΑΙ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Cortoriacum (Courtrai) Belgium.
A large vicus of the civitas Menapiorum, on the Cassel-Tongres road at the place
where it crosses the Lys. Lesser roads linked Courtrai to Tournai, to Ghent, and
finally to Lille and Arras. The Arras road has been sectioned and studied in the
middle of the modern town. It consisted of a bed of sand mixed with broken tiles,
covered by a bed of gravel. The Tournai road has been traced S of the town. Since
the 17th c. many finds of Roman antiquities have been noted at Courtrai and the
neighboring communes of Kuurne and Harelbeke. The main finds are: coins of the
first four centuries of our era; five hoards of coins (three at Courtrai, two
at Harelbeke: two found in 1499 and 1610 and lost forever, two buried in the time
of Marcus Aurelius, one buried ca. A.D. 267); a superb Hellenistic statuette of
the 2d c. depicting Venus Anadyomene, now kept at the Mariemont museum; various
substructures; wells; pottery; tombs. More systematic excavations were not undertaken
until just after WW II. The present state of our knowledge indicates that there
were at least three distinct areas of settlement; these almost certainly formed
a single administrative unit.
1) The most ancient remains are several straight V-sectioned ditches found in
the S part of the modern town, at the locality called Walle. They seem to date
to the first half of the 1st c. These may represent the remains of two temporary
military camps, where Caligula or Claudius would have assembled some of the troops
about to take part in the conquest of England, but this is uncertain. Near these
ditches remains have been found of dwellings dating to the second half of the
1st c. and to the 2d and 3d c.
2) The vicus proper was farther N, in the NW district of the modern town. It started
at the main square and extended along both banks of the Lys into Kuurne. Some
isolated tombs mark the limit of the vicus to the NE and NW. The necropolis of
the Molenstraat has been excavated to the S. It included ca. 100 cremation tombs
ranging in date from the time of Claudius to the middle of the 2d c., but they
are mainly from the Flavian period. This necropolis separated the vicus from the
habitation zone of Walle. In the vicus the main finds are the scanty remains mentioned
above. These seem to indicate that the beginning of the settlement goes back to
the Claudian period. Finds of the 3d c. are rare. A well lined with a hollowed-out
oak trunk was filled with many sherds and coins of the 1st and 2d c.
3) At Harelbeke, less than 2 km from the vicus of Courtrai, the remains of another
settlement have been found: several wells, traces of wooden dwellings, masonry
foundations, and trenches with refuse. In these trenches were abundant remains
of local ironworking. This suggests a district of ironworking crafts, somewhat
apart from the vicus proper. Nearby at the hamlet of Stasegem, another well made
out of a hollowed-out trunk has been excavated. In 1968 the favissa of a sanctuary
was found. It contained ca. 120 white ceramic statuettes, which came from the
workshops of the Allier and depict various divinities. There was also a bronze
statue of a wild boar.
There was probably a castellum at Cortoriacum during the Late Empire.
In fact, the Notitia Dignitatum (occ. 5.96; 245; 7.88) mentions milites Cortoriacenses.
This force may not have originated at Courtrai, but may simply have been garrisoned
there. The hoards of coins seem to indicate that Courtrai was threatened under
Marcus Aurelius (the invasion of the Chauci in 172-74) and under Postumus. Apart
from this, we still know nothing of the history of the vicus during the last centuries
of the Roman occupation.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΝΑΜΥΡ (Πόλη) ΝΑΜΥΡ
Namurcum (Namur) Belgium.
A Gallo-Roman vicus of the civitas Tungrorum. Diverticula linked this center to
the Bavai-Tongres road to the N and to the Bavai-Trier road to the S. At the end
of the Iron Age a rather poor village existed at the foot of the modern citadel
at the junction of the Sambre and the Meuse. Its humble remains have only recently
been discovered. The village was located on the territory of the Atuatuci. It
has been suggested that the oppidum Atuatucorum, besieged and taken by Caesar
in 57 B.C., was located on the plateau of Le Champeau, with an area of 70 ha,
at the spot where Vauban ordered the construction of the citadel in 1692. However,
no Iron Age remains have been found on the plateau. The “Vieux Murs,” destroyed
by Vauban during the building of the citadel, probably were not Gallic but should
rather be dated to the time of the Late Empire. It seems more likely that the
oppidum of the Atuatuci should be identified with the hill of Hastedon, 5 km from
Namur, where there are still remains of an enclosure built according to the murus
gallicus technique. In any case, the vicus of Namurcum already was of some importance
in the time of Augustus, as proved by sherds of Arretine terra sigillata (very
rare in Belgium) found with other remains of the time of Augustus in 1967 during
the construction of a house. This importance is understandable because Namur was
the economic center of the Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse, a very fertile region where
rich villas abounded (for example, Anthee, Gerpinnes, Maillen, Mettet, Rognee,
etc.) and where there was a large ironworking industry. Since the vicus is located
under the modern town, systematic excavations are impossible. However, stray finds
and minor excavations occasioned by public works show that while the built-up
area of the Early Empire had its center between the Sambre and the Meuse it also
extended to Salzinnes and La Plante on both sides of the Champeau plateau. There
was probably even a bridgehead on the right bank of the Meuse at Jambes. Necropoleis
with incineration tombs of the first three centuries A.D. have been found on the
outskirts of the built-up area, notably at La-Motte-du-Comte, Saint-Servais, Salzinnes,
La Plante, and Jambes. Thus, it seems that the built-up area of Roman times was
as extensive as the mediaeval town. The street network of the vicus is barely
known, but since the old quarter of Namur has a checkerboard plan rather unusual
for a mediaeval town, one may suspect that this regular network goes back to Roman
times. Besides, that no large Roman road passed through Namur suggests that water
routes played a key role in the economy of the center and that there was a river
port. The enormous quantities of Roman coins found in the Sambre near its junction
with the Meuse probably is related to the existence of this river port. As far
as remains of the vicus itself are concerned, apart from stray finds, the foundations
of one large dwelling should be noted. It was brought to light in 1931 during
public works in the Rue du Bailli. Two large rooms were cleared: the first was
pierced on the inside by 5 semicylindrical and vaulted niches 1 m high; the second
was above a hypocaust. In the fill there were bases of columns in white stone
and small Tuscan columns 50 cm high. Supposedly these would have been on top of
the niches just mentioned.
The vicus was sacked during the Frankish invasions of the second half
of the 3d c. Traces of fire are found everywhere in the subsoil. Many hoards of
coins found in Namur and neighboring villages were buried between 258 and 273.
After the disaster, the town was rebuilt, but over a much more limited area. It
was restricted to the space between the Sambre and the Meuse. It may have been
fortified. Perhaps the Vieux Murs of the Champeau, mentioned above, date to this
period and barred the isthmus between the two rivers. Nevertheless, all that is
known of this period are a large number of coins and some inhumation tombs, notably
at the Place d'Armes and La Plante. Nothing is known about Namur's fate at the
end of the Later Empire and about the town's transition to the Early Middle Ages.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΣΑΙΝ ΜΑΡΝΤ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Vertunum (St.-Mard) Belgium.
A large Gallo-Roman vicus extending over the Majerou plateau and the hamlet of
Vieux-Virton, N of the junction of the Vire and the Ton. The many Gallic coins
found on the site indicate that its origins go back to pre-Roman times, but it
began to grow from the beginning of the Roman period. A market located in the
middle of a rich agricultural region (many villas have been noted in the vicinity),
the center may have suffered during the revolt of the Treviri in A.D. 21 as the
discovery of two hoards of coins of the Republic, Augustus, and Tiberius seems
to indicate. In the 19th and 20th c. there have been many chance discoveries of
foundations and masonry wells (one of which was 14 m deep). Systematic excavations
(1961-63) have cleared part of the vicus, revealing remains of rectangular houses,
divided into two or three rooms, and aligned along both sides of a road linking
the vicus to the great Reims-Trier road. The houses were first built of wood,
then rebuilt and enlarged in masonry during the 1st c. The walls (60 to 70 cm
thick) were built of large, regular sandstone ashlars bound with clay. The floor
was most frequently of stamped earth. Most of these houses had a very carefully
built cellar, with a stone or wooden staircase. The cellar floors kept the imprint
of the amphoras and dolia which had been pushed into them. This part of the vicus
was occupied from the 1st to the 3d c.
East of the vicus a necropolis with 3d c. incineration tombs has revealed
a series of funerary monuments with reliefs like those of Arlon and Buzenol N
of the built-up area. The discovery of a votive plaque to Mars Lanus, fragments
of two other votive inscriptions, two column bases with snake-footed giants, and
an altar, suggests that there was an important sanctuary at Vertunum. The wealth
of the vicus is also attested by the discovery of artifacts made of gold, silver
(a plate with a diameter of 30 cm), bronze, etc. During the Frankish invasions
of the second half of the 3d c., Vertunum may have played a strategic role under
Gallienus, Postumus, Victorinus, Tetricus I and II, and Claudius II. Thousands
of coins of these emperors have been found on the Majerou plateau. A large burning
level and several hoards of coins buried at the time indicate that the vicus was
ravaged during the great invasion of 275-76 but was rebuilt and remained inhabited
all during the 4th c. It is not impossible that a castellum was built there.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΤΙΡΛΕΜΟΝ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Tienen (Tirlemont) Belgium.
A Gallo-Roman vicus of the civitas Tungrorum, located on the Tongres-Cortoriacum-Castellum
Menapiorum road. Diverticula linked it to Taviers and Namurcum, to Baudecet and
Bavai, and to Grobbendonk and Antwerp. Since the vicus is located under the modern
town, it is mainly known from scattered remains and stray finds (potsherds, coins,
tiles, bronze artifacts, etc.), which permit an estimate of its size. Foundations
of buildings have been noted in various places, but systematic excavations have
been undertaken only in the vicinity of Avendoren, where a rather large building
(or villa suburbana) was discovered in 1891. A Merovingian necropolis was established
in its ruins in the 7th c. Some incineration tombs and barrows have been found
all around the vicus. Three barrows in the vicinity of Grimde were excavated at
the end of the 19th c. Two contained rich grave goods: bronze oenochoe, a bronze
furniture leg, a small silver vase, a bronze patera, a gold stiletto sheath with
the inscription M (arcus) Probius Burrus, a gold ring, a sardonyx cameo in a gold
setting, etc. The funerary chamber of another barrow, leveled long ago, was found
in the vicinity of Avendoren. It produced equally rich grave gifts, which included
a bronze casket which served as an urn, a bronze wine pitcher, a bronze patera
with a picture of the abduction of the Palladion by Diomedes on it, a bronze askos,
a bucket with channeled sides, two large bronze basins, a tinned bronze chandelier,
a silver cup, bone and horn artifacts, several pieces of glassware, pottery, iron,
and stone. Like those of Grimde, this tomb dates to the 2d c. A.D. Little is known
of the vicus save that it seems to have prospered in the 2d c. but was no longer
occupied in the 4th.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΤΟΝΓΚΕΡΕΜ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Atuatuca Tungrorum (Tongeren or Tongres) Belgium.
Capital of the civitas Tungrorum. The name is written Aduaca in the Antonine Itinerary
(378), Atuaca on the Peutinger Table, Atouatoukon by Ptolemy (2.9.4-6). Ammianus
Marcellinus (15.11.7; 17.8.3) and the Notitia Galliarum (8) refer to the civitas
Tungrorum, Julius Honorius (Cosmographia Occidentis 18-19) to Tungri oppidum,
and the Notitia Dignitatum (occ. 42) to Tungri. The town is on the right bank
of the Jeker, on the hilltop dominating the entire neighboring region.
At the time of the Roman conquest, Atuatuca was a fortress of the
Atuatuci (the descendants of the Cimbri and the Teutones) in the heart of the
territory of their tributaries, the Eburones. Caesar established a winter camp
there (BGall. 6.32,35); it was occupied by a legion and a half, commanded by Sabinus
and Cotta. In 54 B.C. the Eburones, led by Ambiorix, attacked the camp and massacred
the Roman troops. The identification of this Atuatuca Eburonum with the Atuatuca
Tungrorum of the Imperial period is still not entirely certain. The pre-Roman
remains found at Tongres are very few. The Eburones were exterminated by Caesar
and replaced under Augustus by the Tungri, a tribe probably from beyond the Rhine.
The newcomers established their main settlement on the site of the fortress of
the Atuatuci and retained its name.
Only in the excavations of recent years have there begun to appear
some remains dating to before the revolt of the Batavi in A.D. 69-70. It seems
more and more likely that under Augustus there was at Tongres a military camp,
since remains of the W side of such an establishment have been found. A V-section
ditch with a palisade has been excavated a little to the W of the 2d c. walls.
A little farther E, wooden hutting of elongated plan belonged either to this camp
or to the canabae. A considerable quantity of sherds of Italic terra sigillata
and a large number of Gallic coins with the legend AVAUCIA attest that the civilian
vicus already had a certain economic importance. Even at this time Tongres became
an important nexus from which roads went out to Bavai, Cassel, Antwerp, Nijmegen,
Cologne, Trier, and Arlon. Tongres is situated in the fertile alluvial region
of central Belgium with many rich villas whose produce was destined for the Roman
armies stationed along the Rhine frontier; it became a very important commercial
center. The abandonment of the military camp at the end of the reign of Augustus
in no way jeopardized this vitality.
The checkerboard network of streets dates to the reign of Claudius.
The streets were bordered by elongated wooden houses, some of which have been
excavated. The large aqueduct dates to the same period. Massive foundations have
been found and can be followed for 2.5 km. The revolt of the Batavi under Julius
Civilis in A.D. 69-70 had fatal consequences for Tongres; thick burning layers
testify to its complete destruction. During the period of the Pax Romana the town
was quickly rebuilt and it flourished. It certainly had the rank of municipium
and may have been destined to become a colony. Trajan or Hadrian had an impressive
enceinte built around the town with a perimeter of 4544 m, ca. 500 m longer than
the walls of Cologne. This enclosed the built-up area and an undeveloped district
as well, but the project of establishing colonists at Tongres was abandoned. The
enclosing wall (2.1 to 2.15 m thick) rested on a foundation of dry masonry and
was composed of a core of flint nodules bound by mortar. The wall was furnished
with large round towers, 9 m in diameter. The approach to the fortifications was
defended by a system of V-section ditches. Several gates passed through the fortifications.
At least one had a double arcade and was flanked by two rectangular towers. Four
other gates have been located, but there certainly were more.
The network of streets was composed of seven parallel streets running
E-W, with an average width of 5.5 m, cut at right angles by at least seven other
streets. The location of the forum is not known for certain. On the forum must
have been placed the eight-sided itinerary milestone which mentioned the road
network for all N Gaul and lower Germany (CIL XIII, 9158). Unfortunately, only
three sides of this black limestone monument have been preserved, and those only
partially. One side enumerates the localities between Cologne and Worms along
the Rhine, the second those along the Metz-Reims-Amiens road, and the third those
along the road from Cassel to the frontier of the Atrebates. The distances are
given in Celtic leugne (2.22 km) instead of in Roman miles.
The most monumental remains excavated to date are those of an impressive
sanctuary, located in the N part of the town, near the ramparts. In order to compensate
for the slope of the ground an artificial terrace was constructed. This esplanade
was surrounded by a portico (112 x 71.5 m wide). A temple with a podium stood
in the middle; it had a rectangular cella (13 x 10 m) a pronaos, and a peristyle
(about 24 x 29 m). The temple seems to date, in its first stage, to the end of
the 1st c. It is exceptional in Gaul, for it differs greatly from sanctuaries
in the indigenous tradition, with their square cellae; strong Roman influence
is indicated. The temple was remodeled and enlarged during the 2d c. (possibly
when the ramparts were built). Of the other remains of a religious character found
at Tongres, the following are of note: the torso of a snake-footed giant; the
capital of a column, depicting a rider trampling a double snake-footed giant under
the hoofs of his horse; a stone with four deities; and a putative statue of Jupiter
and Juno which, by certain details, shows that it really depicts the Celtic god
Taranis and his cult associate.
Three large necropoleis extended to the W, N, and E of the town, along
the roads going out from it. Thousands of tombs of the Early Empire have been
found. Most are cremation burials, but there are also inhumations, beginning as
early as the end of the 1st c. The artifacts found as grave goods form the basis
of the rich collections in the archaeological museum at Tongres: pottery, glassware,
fibulas, jewelry.
From the middle of the 3d c., the period of the Pax Romana was disturbed
by the first barbarian invasions. The town of Tongres was taken and pillaged by
the Franks around 275-76. Once the barbarians were pushed back, the defenses of
the town were restored by the construction of a new but smaller enceinte. This
wall was thicker than the earlier one. It was furnished with a larger number of
towers, possibly more than 100, placed only 20 m apart. They served as magazines
for ammunition and communicated with the inside of the town by a narrow door.
The new wall no longer had ditches in front of it. The facing presents on the
outer side a projection surmounted by two rows of tiles and consists of regular
ashlar of various kinds of stone. The funerary monuments in the necropoleis were
reutilized in the foundations. This new enceinte may date to the last years of
the 3d c. or the beginning of the 4th c.
The civitas Tungrorum, which in the Early Empire had formed part of
the province of Belgica, was henceforth attached to Germania secunda and the region
took on more and more of a military character. Germanic peoples were authorized
to establish themselves in the region and were enrolled in the military. These
are the Laeti Lagenses prope Tungros mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum. The
town itself never again knew its former prosperity in spite of a long period of
relative tranquillity. A certain number of 4th c. tombs are known, all inhumations.
Some must be graves of Germanic Laeti and often contain bronze accessories (belt
trimmings, etc.) with “excised” geometric (Kerbschnitt) or animal-style decoration.
Some tombs show that a part of the population had been converted to Christianity:
for example, a funerary cellar with walls decorated with frescos of garlands and
doves. Tongres was even the seat of a bishop. However, the center of economic
and political gravity of the region shifted to the region of the Meuse. The seat
of the bishop was moved to Maastricht. It is even possible that Maastricht also
replaced Tongres as the capital of the civitas. We know very little about the
end of the Roman period, only that the fall of Cologne in 457-58 also meant the
end of the Roman period at Tongres.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΤΟΥΡΝΑΙ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Turnacum (Tournai) Belgium.
A large Gallo-Roman vicus of the civitas Menapiorum, on the Bavai-Cassel (Castellum
Menapiorum) road, where it crosses the Scheldt. The heart of the vicus was on
the left or Menapian bank of the Scheldt, but there were important bridgeheads
on the night or Nervian bank of the river, notably at St. Brice and at Le Luchet
d'Antoing. The beginnings of the center go back to the Iron Age. Some huts of
that period, found and excavated on the slope between the Scheldt and the hill
of La Loucherie, were cabins of wattle and daub containing coarse pottery decorated
with fingernail, comb, and stick impressions. Some Celtic coins found at Tournai
date to the period of the Roman conquest.
During the Roman period Tournai developed rapidly, both because of
its favorable position at the intersection of a large road and a navigable river,
and because of the intensive working of limestone quarries. The limestone, exported
over a radius of more than 100 km, was used as building material and in ironworks.
The growth of the vicus dates mostly to the period of Claudius. Probably Caligula
and Claudius concentrated here the troops intended for the invasion of Britain.
A V-shaped ditch, sectioned in 1954 and 1955, dates to Claudius and seems to have
belonged to the defenses of a temporary camp. The building of a large part of
the road network in NW Gaul also dates to this time. The Tournai limestone was
very intensively used in the construction of these roads. The first quarries worked
in this period were located in the center of the modern town on the site of the
cathedral. Limekilns, several of which have been excavated, were placed all around
this pit. The kilns were circular (4 m in diameter) and looked like a hemispherical
tub with clay walls furnished with an air vent 40 cm wide. In the 1st c. the center
was provided with a checkerboard street plan. Under the streets conduits were
found, both for bringing fresh water (masonry channels 30 to 35 cm wide and 35
to 90 cm high with walls coated with red plaster) and for taking away waste waters.
The growth of the vicus also led to the filling of the first quarry mentioned
above. (Houses were built on the fill.) The stone industry was relocated on the
outskirts of the vicus in the district of Bruyelles-Antoing. Possibly the quarries
were nationalized and put under the direction of an imperial official. The foundations
of a barrow were discovered at Antoing. Its structure included a circular enclosing
wall of carefully fitted large stones and a dromos leading to a double funerary
chamber, recalling Roman mausoleums of Etruscan tradition. The barrow may be the
mausoleum of an imperial official.
The vicus continued to grow at the end of the 1st c. and during all
of the 2d. The destruction of a part of Tournai in 1940 made possible the excavation,
unfortunately in rather scattered and incomplete fashion, of a certain number
of buildings of the Gallo-Roman vicus. The dwellings of this period were characterized
by the use of very fine masonry with fine outside facings. The interiors were
enhanced by painted plastering. The paving was of cement, the roofing of imbricated
tiles. A number of these dwellings were heated by hypocausts. They were provided
with masonry cellars with storage niches set in the walls. The largest edifice
found to date (52 m long) was on the summit of the hill of La Loucherie. It may
have been a public building. Two large rooms at the wings were separated by a
gallery with columns, which opened on a vast courtyard. This building was enhanced
by figurative frescos and by columns whose capitals were topped by a cornice with
modillions.
A dwelling excavated in 1942 had a bath building with plunges lined
with marble. Large necropoleis have been found all around the vicus, for example,
under the modern Grand-Place (hundreds of tombs), under the Rue de Monnel (ca.
100 tombs). Tournai was not only an industrial center but also the commercial
center for all the surrounding region, a very fertile area with many rich villas.
The town, sacked during the invasions of the Chauci in 172-74, rose from its ruins,
but was not very prosperous in the Severan period although some fine artifacts
(splendid jet medallions, for example) date to that time.
The town was destroyed a second time during the first invasions of
the Franks just after the middle of the 3d c. Many hoards of coins, found at Tournai
and neighboring villages (Howardries, Beloeil, La Hamaide, Basecles, Ellezelles,
Bailleul), were buried between 258 and 268. At the end of the 3d c. Tournai was
turned into a fortress. Residential districts were leveled and the materials from
these demolitions were used to build a rampart 2.4 m thick. It included the building
of La Loucherie, whose corners were furnished with towers 1.45 m thick. This rampart
can be traced for ca. 100 m. During the administrative reorganization under Diocletian,
Tournai replaced Cassel as the caput of the civitas Menapiorum. A gynaecum (a
workshop for military equipment) was installed at Tournai. The military garrison
consisted of Germanic Laeti, and their tombs have been found in the town hall
park. The grave goods of these tombs are characterized by belt trimmings with
excised decoration with geometric and animal motifs.
In the 4th c. there still was a large civilian population whose necropoleis
have been found at Grand-Place, the Rue Perdue, and St.-Quentin Church. In 407
the town was ravaged again, this time by the Vandals. Shortly thereafter it was
reoccupied by the Salian Franks, who repaired the fortifications and made Tournai
the capital of their kingdom. It was the residence of Clodion, Merovaeus (who,
allied with the Romans, conquered Attila), and Childeric, who died at Tournai
in 481. His tomb, with its very rich and famous grave goods, was found in 1653
near the church of St.-Brice. The artifacts from that tomb are kept at the Cabinet
des Medailles in Paris. Clovis, Childeric's son and successor, moved the capital
to Paris.
S.J. De Laet, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΤΟΥΡΝΑΙ (Πόλη) ΒΕΛΓΙΟ
Tournai
DIOCESE OF TOURNAI (Lat. TURNACUM, TORNACUM; Flemish, DOORNIJK — TORNACENSIS)
Diocese in Belgium. As early as the second half of the third century St. Piat
evangelized Tournai; some writers represent him as the first bishop, but this
cannot be proved. Towards the end of the third century the Emperor Maximian rekindled
the persecutions, and St. Piat suffered martyrdom. The great barbarian invasions
began shortly afterwards, and a wave of Germanic paganism mingled with the Roman
paganism, to the destruction of all Christian life. This lasted from the end of
the third century till the end of the fifth. But with the progress of the Frankish
race Clodion established himself at Tournai; Childeric, his successor, died there
in 481. St. Remigius profited by the good will of the Frankish monarchy to organize
the Catholic hierarchy in the north of Gaul. He confided the Diocese of Arras
and Cambrai to St. Vaast (Vedastus), and erected the See of Tournai (c. 500),
appointing as its titular Eleutherius. It was probably its character of royal
city which secured for Tournai this premature creation, but it soon lost its rank
of capital by the departure of the Merovingian court. Nevertheless it kept its
own bishops for nearly a century; then about 626 or 627, under the episcopate
of St. Achar, the sees of Tournai and Noyon were united, retaining separate organizations.
Tournai then lost the benefit of a privileged situation, and shared the condition
of the neighbouring dioceses, such as Boulogne and Therouanne, Arras and Cambrai,
where the same titular held both sees for five hundred years. It was only in 1146
that Tournai received its own bishop.
Among its bishops may be mentioned: St. Eleutherius (beginning of
sixth century); St. Achar (626-27 — 1 March, 637-38); St. Eloi (641-60); Simon
de Vermandois (1121-46); Walter de Marvis (1219-51), the great founder of schools
and hospitals; Etienne (1192-1203), godfather of Louis VII and minister of the
queen; Andrea Chini Malpiglia (1334-42), cardinal and papal legate; Guillaume
Filastre (1460-73), chancellor of the Golden Fleece; Michel de Warenghien (1283-91),
a very learned doctor; Michel d'Esne (1597-1614), the author of several works.
During the Spanish domination (1521-1667) the see continued to be occupied by
natives of the country, but the capture of Tournai by Louis XIV in 1667 caused
it to have as bishops a series of Frenchmen: Gilbert de Choiseul du Plessis-Praslain
(1670-89); Francois de La Salle de Caillebot (1692-1705); Louis Marcel de Coetlogon
(1705-07); Francois de Beauveau (1708-13). After the Treaty of Utrecht (173) the
French were replaced by Germans: Johann Ernst, Count of Lowenstein-Wertheim (1713-31);
Franz Ernst, Count of Salm-Reifferscheid (1731-1770); Wilhelm Florentine, Prince
of Salm-Salm (1776-94).
It will be readily understood that the union of the see with Noyon
and the removal thither of the seat of the bishopric had favoured the growth of
the power of the chapter. The privilege possessed by the chapter under the old
regime of being composed only of nobles and scholars necessarily attracted to
it the most distinguished for birth and learning. Illustrious names of France
and Belgium are inscribed in the registers of the archives or on the tombstones
of the cathedral. The cathedral, 439 feet long by 216 feet wide, is surmounted
by 5 towers 273 feet high. The nave and transept are Romanesque (twelfth century),
and the choir is primary Gothic, begun in 1242 and finished in 1325. Originally
the boundaries of the diocese must have been those of the Civitas Turnacensium
mentioned in the "Notice des Gaules". The prescriptions of councils and the interest
of the Church both favoured these boundaries, and they were retained throughout
the Middle Ages. The diocese then extended along the left bank of the Schelde
from the Scarpe to the North Sea, with the exception of the Vier-Ambachten (Hulst,
Axel, Bouchaute, and Assenede), which seem to have always belonged to the Diocese
of Utrecht. The Schelde thus formed the boundary between the Dioceses of Tournai
and Cambrai, cutting in two the towns of Termonde, Ghent, Oudenarde, and Tournai
itself. The shore of the North Sea between the Schelde and the Yser was wholly
included within the perimeter. On the other side of the Yser was the Diocese of
Therouanne, which bordered Tournai as far as Ypres. There began the Diocese of
Arras, which bordered Tournai as far as the confluence of the Scarpe and the Schelde
at Mortgne, France. This vast diocese was long divided into three archdeaneries
and twelve deaneries. The archdeanery of Bruges comprised the deaneries of Bruges,
Ardenbourg, and Oudenbourg; the archdeanery of Ghent, the deaneries of Ghent,
Roulers, Oudenarde, and Waes; the archdeanery of Tournai, the deaneries of Tournai,
Seclin, Helchin, Lille, and Courtrai.
In 1559 in order to wage more successful war against Protestantism,
King Philip II of Spain obtained from Paul VI the erection of a series of new
dioceses. The ancient Diocese of Tournai was divided, nearly two-thirds of its
territory being taken away. The outlines of the archdeaneries of Bruges and Ghent
formed the new dioceses of Bruges and Ghent, and six parishes passed to the new
Diocese of Ypres. These conditions lasted until the beginning of the nineteenth
century. The French Revolution created the Department of Jemappes, which in 1815
became the Province of Hainault, whose boundaries followed those of the Diocese
of Tournai, after a concordat between the plenipotentiaries of Pius VI and the
consular government of the republic. The Bishop of Tournai retained only two score
of the parishes formerly under his jurisdiction, but he governed on the right
bank of the Schelde a number of parishes which, prior to the Revolution, belonged
to the Diocese of Cambrai (302), Namur (50), and Liege (50).
The Diocese of Tournai, with 1,240,525 inhabitants, has 537 parishes,
divided into 33 deaneries: Antoing (21 parishes), Ath (12), Beaumont (17), Beloeil
(15), Binche (18), Boussu (18), Celles (14), Charleroi (18), Chatelet (27), Chievres
(23), Chimay (22), Dour (18), Ellezelles (6), Enghien (12), Fountain-L'Eveque
(20), Frasnes-lez-Buissenal (14), Gosselies (20), La Louviere (15), Lens (23),
Lessines (12), Leuze (17), Merbes-le-Chateau (17), Mons (Ste-Elisabeth, 9), Mons
(Ste-Waudru, 10), Paturages (17), Peruvelz (12), Roeulx (16), Seneffe (21), Soignies
(11), Templeuve (13), Thuin (16), Tournai (Notre-Dame, 14), Tournai (St-Brice,
13).
Eight diocesan colleges prepare young men for theological studies
in a seminary, or for a liberal course in a university.
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