Listed 100 (total found 195) sub titles with search on: Biographies for wider area of: "CORINTHIA Prefecture PELOPONNISOS" .
CHILIOMODI (Village) TENEA
1925
1927
Politician.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
Adeimantus (Adeimantos). The son of Ocytus, the Corinthian commander in the invasion
of Greece by Xerxes. Before the battle of Artemisium he threatened to sail away,
but was bribed by Themistocles to remain. He opposed Themistocles with great insolence
in the council which the commanders held before the battle of Salamis. According
to the Athenians he took to flight at the very commencement of the battle, but
this was denied by the Corinthians and the other Greeks. (Herod. viii. 5, 56,
61, 94; Plut. Them. 11)
Ariston, son of Pyrrhichus, a Corinthian, one of those apparently who made their way into Syracuse in the second year of the Sicilian expedition, 414 B. C., is named once by Thucydides, in his account of the sea-fight preceding the arrival of the second armament (413 B. C.), and styled the most skilful steersman on the side of the Syracusans. He suggested to them the stratagem of retiring early, giving the men their meal on the shore, and then renewing the combat unexpectedly, which in that battle gave them their first naval victory. (vii. 39; comp. Polyaen. v. 13.) Plutarch (Nicias, 20, 25) and Diodorus (xiii. 10) ascribe to him further the invention or introduction at Syracuse of the important alterations in the build of their galleys' bows, mentioned by Thucydides (vii. 34), and said by him to have been previously used by the Corinthians in the action off Erineus. Plutarch adds, that he fell when the victory was just won, in the last and decisive sea-fight.
But in this nick of time and crisis of their peril Gongylus came to them from Corinth with a single trireme. All flocking to meet him, as was natural, he told them that Gylippus would come speedily, and that other ships of war were sailing to their aid.
Gongylus. A Corinthian captain, who in the eighteenth year of the Peloponnesian war, B. C. 414, took charge of a single ship of reinforcements for Syracuse. He left Leucas after Gylippus, but, sailing direct for Syracuse itself, arrived there first. It was a critical juncture: the besieged were on the point of holding an assembly for discussion of terms of surrender. His arrival, and his news of the approach of Gylippus, put a stop to all thought of this; the Syracusans took heart, and presently moved out to support the advance of their future deliverer. Thucydides seems to regard this as the moment of the turn of the tide. On the safe arrival of Gongylus at that especial crisis depended the issue of the Sicilian expedition, and with it the destiny of Syracuse, Athens, and all Greece. Gongylus fell, says Plutarch, in the first battle on Epipolae, after the arrival of Gylippus. (Thuc. vii. 2; Plut. Nicias, 19.)
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Nov 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
FLIOUS (Ancient city) NEMEA
Diocles (Diokles), of Athens, or, according to others, of Phlius, and perhaps in fact a Phliasian by birth and an Athenian by citizenship, was a comic poet of the old comedy, contemporary with Sannyrion and Philyllius. (Suid. s. v.) The following plays of his are mentioned by Suidas and Eudocia (p. 132), and are frequently quoted by the grammarians : Bakchai, Thalatta, Kuklopes (by others ascribed to Callias), Melittai. The Thuestes and Oneiroi, which are only mentioned by Suidas and Eudocia, are suspicious titles. He seems to have been an elegant poet.
SIKYON (Ancient city) CORINTHIA
Machon, of Corinth or Sicyon, a comic poet, flourished at Alexandria, where he
gave instructions respecting comedy to the grammarian Aristophanes of Byzantium.
He was contemporary with Apollodorus of Carystus, and flourished between the 120th
and 130th Olympiads (B. C. 300--260). He held a high place among the Alexandrian
poets; Athenaeus says of hin, en d' agathos poietes eis tis allos ton meta touis
hepta, and quotes an elegant epigram in his praise. We have the titles of two
of his plays, Agnoia and Epistole, and of a sententious poem in iambic senarii,
entitled Chreiai, of which Athenaeus has preserved several fragments. (Athen.
vi.; xiv., viii., xiii.; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Corn. Graec.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
vol. ii.)
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
Perseus Encyclopedia
In 330 BC he rebuilt, along with Spinthar and Xenodorus, the temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by earthquakes.
Lais (celebrated Grecian hetaera). The elder, a native probably of Corinth, lived in the time of the Peloponnesian War, and was celebrated as the most beautiful woman of that age. She was notorious also for her avarice and caprice. One of her lovers was the Cyrenaic philosopher Aristippus, two of whose works were inscribed with her name. In her old age she took to drink. At her death she was buried in Corinth, and over her was placed a monument representing a lioness tearing a ram. So much was her reputation a part of that of her city that there arose the proverb ou Korinthos oute Lais. A number of anecdotes regarding her are preserved in Athenaeus.
This text is from: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Cited Nov 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Lais: The elder Lais, a native probably of Corinth. Athenaeus (xiii.) says that she was born at Hyccara, in Sicily, but he has probably confounded her with her younger namesake, the daughter of Timandra (Athen. xii, xiii.); for Timandra, as we know from Plutarch (Alcib. 39), was a native of Hyccara. The elder Lais lived in the time of the Peloponnesian war, and was celebrated as the most beautiful woman of her age. Her figure was especially admired. She was notorious also for her avarice and caprice. Amongst her numerous lovers she numbered the philosopher Aristippus, two of whose works were entitled Pros Laida, and Pros Laida peri tou katoptrou (Diog. Laεrt. ii. 84). She fell in love with and offered her hand to Eubotas, of Cyrene, who, after his victory at Olympia, fulfilled his promise of taking her with him to Cyrene, in word only--he took with him her portrait (Aelian, V. H. x. 2; Clemens Alex. Strom. iii.). In her old age she became addicted to drinking. Of her death various stories were told (Athen. xiii.; Phot. cod. cxc.). She died at Corinth, where a monument (a lioness tearing a ram) was erected to her, in the cypress grove called the Kraneion (Paus. ii. 2. Β 4; Athen. xiii.). Numerous anecdotes of her were current, but they are not worth relating here. (Athen. xiii.; Auson. Epig. 17). Lais presenting her looking-glass to Aphrodite was a frequent subject of epigrams (Brunck. Anal. i., ii.; Anthol. Pal. vi. 1, 19). Her fame was still fresh at Corinth in the time of Pausanias (ii. 2. Β 5), and ou Korinthos oute Lais became a proverb. (Athen. iv.)
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Oct 2006 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Lais. The younger Lais was the daughter of Timandra, who is sportively called Damasandra in Athenaeus (xiii.). Lais was probably born at Hyccara in Sicily. According to some accounts she was brought to Corinth when seven years old, having been taken prisoner in the Athenian expedition to Sicily, and bought by a Corinthian (Plut. l. c.; Paus. ii. 2. Β 5; Schol. ad Aristoph. Plut. 179; Athen. xiii.). This story however, which involves numerous difficulties, is rejected by Jacobs, who attributes it to a confusion between this Lais and the elder one of the same name. The story of Apelles having induced her to enter upon the life of a courtezan must have reference to the younger Lais. She was a contemporary and rival of Phryne. She became enamoured of a Thessalian named Hippolochus, or Hippostratus, and accompanied him to Thessaly. Here, it is said, some Thessalian women, jealous of her beauty, enticed her into a temple of Aphrodite, and there stoned her to death. (Paus. ii. 2 Β 5; Plut. vol. ii; Athen. xiii.). According to the scholiast on Aristophanes (Plut. 179), a pestilence ensued, which did not abate till a temple was dedicated to Aphrodite Anosia. She was buried on the banks of the Peneus. The inscription on her monument is preserved by Athenaeus (xiii.).
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Oct 2006 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Bacchiadae (Bakchiadai), a Heracleid clan, derived their name from Bacchis, who was king of Corinth from 926 to 891 B. C., and retained the supreme rule in that state, first under a monarchical form of government, and next as a close oligarchy, till their deposition by Cypselus, about B. C. 657. Diodorus (Fragm. 6), in his list of the Heracleid kings, seems to imply that Bacchis was a lineal descendent from Aletes, who in B. C. 1074 deposed the Sisyphidae and made himself master of Corinth (Wess. ad Diod. l. c.; Pind. Olymp. xiii. 17; Schol. ad Pind. Nem. vii. 155; Paus. ii. 4; Mull. Dor. i. 5.9); while from Pausanias it would rather appear, that Bacchis was the founder of a new, though still a Heracleid, dynasty. In his line the throne continued till, in B. C. 748, Telestes was murdered by Arieus and Perantas, who were themselves Bacchiads, and were perhaps merely the instruments of a general conspiracy of the clan to gain for their body a larger share of power than they enjoyed under the regal constitution. From Diodorus, it would seem that a year, during which Automenes was king, elapsed before the actual establishment of oligarchy. According to the same author, this form of government, with annual prytanes elected from and by the Bacchiadae, lasted for ninety years (747-657); nor does it appear on what grounds a period of 200 years is assigned to it by Strabo. (Strab. viii.; Mull. Dor. Append. ix. note x.) It was indeed of too narrow and exclusive a kind to be of any very long duration; the members of the ruling clan intermarried only with one another (Herod. v. 92); and their downfall was moreover hastened by their excessive luxury (Ael. V. H. i. 19), as well as by their insolence and oppression, of which the atrocious outrage that drove Archias from Corinth, and led to the founding of Syracuse and Corcyra, is probably no very unfair specimen. (Diod. Exc. de Virt. et. Vit. 228; Plut. Amat ; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iv. 1212.) On their deposition by Cypselus, with the help of the lower orders (Herod. v. 92; Aristot. Polit. v. 10, 12), they were for the most part driven into banishment, and are said to have taken refuge in different parts of Greece, and even Italy. (Plnt. Lysand. c. 1; Liv. i. 34) Some of them, however, appear to have still remained at Corinth, if we may consider as a Bacchiad the Heracleid Phalius, who led the colony to Epidamnus in B. C. 627. (Thuc. i. 24.) As men of the greatest distinction among the Bacchiadae, may be mentioned Philolaus, the legislator of Thebes, about B. C. 728 (Aristot. Polit. ii. 12, ed. Bekk.), and Eumelus, the cyclic poet (Paus. ii. 1, 3, iv. 33; Athen. i., c.; Schol. ad Pind. Olymp. xiii. 30) Strabo tells us also (vii.), that the Lyncestian kings claimed descent from the Bacchiadae.
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Sep 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ANO TRIKALA (Village) TRIKALA KORINTHIAS
KORINTHOS (Town) PELOPONNISOS
1766 - 1826
AKROKORINTHOS (Castle) KORINTHOS
Commander of Macedonian garrison in Corinth, pupil of philosopher Zeno, slain by Aratus.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
Lives, by Plutarch
Timoleon, (Timoleon). The son of Timodemus or Timaenetus and Demariste. He belonged to one of the noblest families at Corinth. His early life was stained by a dreadful deed of blood. We are told that so ardent was his love of liberty that when his brother Timophanes endeavoured to make himself tyrant of their native city, Timoleon murdered him rather than allow him to destroy the liberty of the State. At the request of the Greek cities of Sicily, the Corinthians despatched Timoleon with a small force in B.C. 344 to repel the Carthaginians from that island. He obtained possession of Syracuse, and then proceeded to expel the tyrants from the other Greek cities of Sicily, but was interrupted in this undertaking by a formidable invasion of the Carthaginians, who landed at Lilybaeum, in 339, with an immense army, under the command of Hasdrubal and Hamilcar, consisting of 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse. Timoleon could only induce 12,000 men to march with him against the Carthaginians; but with this small force he gained a brilliant victory over the Carthaginians on the river Crimissus (339). The Carthaginians were glad to conclude a treaty with Timoleon in 338, by which the river Halycus was fixed as the boundary of the Carthaginian and Greek dominions in Sicily. Subsequently he expelled almost all the tyrants from the Greek cities in Sicily, and established democracies instead. Timoleon, however, was in reality the ruler of Sicily, for all the States consulted him on every matter of importance; and the wisdom of his rule is attested by the flourishing condition of the island for several years even after his death. He died in 337. His life was written by Plutarch.
This text is from: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Cited Nov 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Nepos: Timoleon
Timoleon: Perseus Project index
Perseus Project index
Corinthian general, slain by Aristomenes
Corinthian general
a Corinthian, bribed by Persians
Aristeus, or Aristeas, a Corinthian, son of Adeimantus, commanded the troops sent by Corinth to maintain Potidaca in its revolt, B. C. 432. With Potidaea he was connected, and of the troops the greater number were volunteers, serving chiefly from attachment to him. Appointed on his arrival commander-in-chief of the allied infantry, he encountered the Athenian Callias, butwas outmanoeuvred and defeated. With his own division he was successful, and with it on returning from the pursuit he found himself cut off, but byy a bold course made his way with slight loss into the town. This was now blockaded, and Aristeus, seeing no hope, bid them leave himself with a garrison of 500, and the rest make their way to sea. This escape was effected, and he himself induced to join in it; after which he was occupied in petty warfare in Chalcidice, and negotiations for aid from Peloponnesus. Finally, not long before the surrender of Potidaea, in the second year of the war, B. C. 430, he set out with other ambassadors from Peloponnesus for the court of Persia; but visiting Sitalces the Odrysian in their way, they were given to Athenian ambassadors there by Sadocus, his son, and sent to Athens; and at Athens, partly from fear of the energy and ability of Aristeus, partly in retaliation for the cruelties practised by Sparta, he was immediately put to death. (Thuc. i. 60-65, ii. 67; Herod. vii. 137)
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Oct 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Androsthenes of Corinth, who defended Corinth against the Romans in B. C. 198, and was defeated in the following year by the Achaeans. (Liv. xxxii. 23 ; xxxiii. 14, 15)
Eumachus, (Eumachos). A Corinthian, son of Chrysis, was one of the generals sent by the Corinthians in the winter of B. C. 431 in command of an armament to restore Evarchus, tyrant of Astacus, who had been recently expelled by the Athenians. (Thuc. ii. 33.)
KAMARI (Village) XYLOKASTRO
1868 - 1936
Politician, lawyer and leader of the Republic Party. He was a Prime Minister of Greece from 1932 to 1935.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
Lycophron (Lukophron). The younger son of Periander, tyrant of Corinth, by his
wife Lyside or Melissa. Melissa having been killed by Periander, her father Procles,
tyrant of Epidaurus. asked her two sons, while staying at his court, if they knew
who had slain their mother. This rankled in the mind of Lycophron, and, on his
return to Corinth, he refused to hold any communication with his father. Periander
drove him from his house, and forbade any one to receive him or address him under
the penalty of the confiscation of a certain sum to the service of Apollo; but
the misery to which he was thus reduced had no effect on Lycophron's resolution,
and even his father's entreaties, that he would recede from his obstinacy and
return home, called forth from him only the remark that Periander, by speaking
to him, had subjected himself to the threatened penalty. Periander then sent him
away to Corcyra; but, when he was himself advanced in years, he summoned him back
to Corinth to succeed to the tyranny, seeing that Cypselus, his elder son, was
unfit to hold it from deficiency of understanding. The summons was disregarded,
and, notwithstanding a second message to the same effect, conveyed by Lycophron's
sister, and backed by her earnest entreaties, he persisted in refusing to return
to Corinth as long as his father was there. Periander then offered to withdraw
to Corcyra, if Lycophron would come home and take the government. To this he assented;
but the Corcyraeans, not wishing to have Periander among them, put Lycophron to
death, probably about B. C. 586. (Herod. iii. 50-53; Diog. Laert. i. 94, 95; comp.
Paus. ii. 28)
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Oct 2006 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Demaratus. A Corinthian, in the time of Philip and his son Alexander. He had connections of hospitality with the royal family of Macedon, and, having paid a visit to Philip, succeeded in reconciling that monarch to his son. After Alexander had overthrown the Persian Empire, Demaratus, though advanced in years, made a voyage to the east in order to see the conqueror, and, when he beheld him, exclaimed, "What a pleasure have those Greeks missed, who died without seeing Alexander seated on the throne of Darius!" He died soon after, and was honoured with a magnificent funeral.
This text is from: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Cited Nov 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
SIKYON (Ancient city) CORINTHIA
Aratus, (Aratos). A Greek patriot, born in Sicyon B.C. 273,
who expelled from his native state the tyrant Nicocles, and persuaded his countrymen
to join the Achaean League, and in 244 secured the adhesion of Corinth. He afterwards
had equal success with other States in southern Greece, so that the League became
powerful, exciting the jealousy of the Aetolians, who made war upon it, but were
defeated by Aratus aided by Antigonus, and for a time by Philip, nephew of Antigonus.
This strong alliance overthrew Cleomenes, king of Sparta. Later, however, Aratus
incurred the ill-will of Philip, who destroyed him by poison, B.C. 213.
This text is from: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Cited Nov 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Aratus (Aratos), of Sicyon, lived from B. C. 271 to 213. The life of this remarkable
man, as afterwards of Philopoemen and Lycortas, was devoted to an attempt to unite
the several Grecian states together, and by this union to assert the national
independence against the dangers with which it was threatened by Macedonia and
Rome.
Aratus was the son of Cleinias, and was born at Sicyon, B. C. 271.
On the murder of his father by Abantidas Aratus was saved from the general extirpation
of the family by Soso, his uncle's widow, who conveyed him to Argos, where he
was brought up. When he had reached the age of twenty, he gained possession of
his native city by the help of some Argians, and the cooperation of the remainder
of his party in Sicyon itself, without loss of life, and deprived the usurper
Nicocles of his power, B. C. 251 (Comp. Polyb. ii. 43).
Through the influence of Aratus, Sicyon now joined the Achaean league,
and Aratus himself sailed to Egypt to obtain Ptolemy's alliance, in which he succeeded.
In B. C. 245 he was elected general (strategos) of the league, and a second time
in 243. In the latter of these years he took the citadel of Corinth from the Macedonian
garrison, and induced the Corinthian people to join the league. It was chiefly
through his instrumentality that Megara, Troezen, Epidaurus, Argos, Cleonae, and
Megalopolis, were soon afterwards added to it. It was about this time that the
Aetolians, who had made a plundering expedition into Peloponnesus, were stopped
by Aratus at Pellene (Polyb. iv. 8), being surprised at the sack of that town,
and 700 of their number put to the sword. But at this very time, at which the
power of the league seemed most secure, the seeds of its ruin were laid. The very
prospect, which now for the first time opened, of the hitherto scattered powers
of Greece being united in the league, awakened the jealousy of Aetolia, and of
Cleomenes, who was too ready to have a pretext for war. Aratus, to save the league
from this danger, contrived to win the alliance of Antigonus Doson, on the condition,
as it afterwards appeared, of the surrender of Corinth. Ptolemy, as might be expected,
joined Cleomenes; and in a succession of actions at Lycaeum, Megalopolis, and
Hecatombaeum, near Dyme, the Achaeans were well nigh destroyed. By these Aratus
lost the confidence of the people, who passed a public censure on his conduct,
and Sparta was placed at the head of a confederacy, fully able to dictate to the
whole of Greece -Troezen, Epidaurus, Argos, Hermione, Pellene, Caphyae, Phlius,
Pheneus, and Corinth, in which the Achaean garrison kept only the citadel. It
was now necessary to call on Antigonus for the promised aid. Permission to pass
through Aetolia having been refused, he embarked his army in transports, and,
sailing by Euboea, landed his army near the isthmus, while Cleomenes was occupied
with the siege of Sicyon (Polyb. ii. 52). The latter immediately raised the siege,
and hastened to defend Corinth; but no sooner was he engaged there, than Aratus,
by a masterstroke of policy, gained the assistance of a party in Argos to place
the Lacedaemonian garrison in a state of siege. Cleomenes hastened thither, leaving
Corinth in the hands of Antigonus; but arriving too late to take effectual measures
against Aratus, while Antigonus was in his rear, he retreated to Mantineia and
thence home. Antigonus meanwhile was by Aratus' influence elected general of the
league, and made Corinth and Sicyon his winter quarters. What hope was there now
left that the great design of Aratus' life could be accomplished -to unite all
the Greek governments into one Greek nation? Henceforward the caprice of the Macedonian
monarch was to regulate the relations of the powers of Greece. The career of Antigonus,
in which Aratus seems henceforward to have been no further engaged than as his
adviser and guide, ended in the great battle of Sellasia (B. C. 222), in which
the Spartan power was for ever put down. Philip succeeded Antigonus in the throne
of Macedon (B. C. 221), and it was his policy during the next two years (from
221 to 219 B. C.) to make the Achaeans feel how dependent they were on him. This
period is accordingly taken up with incursions of the Aetolians, the unsuccessful
opposition of Aratus, and the trial which followed. The Aetolians seized Clarium,
a fortress near Megalopolis (Polyb. iv. 6), and thence made their plundering excursions,
till Timoxenus, general of the league, took the place and drove out the garrison.
As the time for the expiration of Aratus' office arrived, the Aetolian generals
Dorimachus and Scopas made an attack on Plarae and Patrae, and carried on their
ravages up to the borders of Messene, in the hope that no active measures would
be taken against them till the commander for the following year was chosen. To
remedy this, Aratus anticipated his command five days, and ordered the troops
of the league to assemble at Megalopolis. The Aetolians, finding his force superior,
prepared to quit the country, when Aratus, thinking his object sufficiently accomplished,
disbanded the chief part of his army, and marched with about 4000 to Patrae. The
Aetolians turned round in pursuit, and encamped at Methydrium, upon which Aratus
changed his position to Caphyae, and in a battle, which began in a skirmish of
cavalry to gain some high ground advantageous to both positions, was entirely
defeated and his army nearly destroyed. The Aetolians marched home in triumph,
and Aratus was recalled to take his trial on several charges,--assuming the command
before his legal time, disbanding his troops, unskilful conduct in choosing the
time and place of action, and carelessness in the action itself. He was acquitted,
not on the ground that the charges were untrue, but in consideration of his past
services. For some time after this the Aetolians continued their invasions, and
Aratus was unable effectually to check them, till at last Philip took the field
as commander of the allied army. The six remaining years of Aratus' life are a
mere history of intrigues, by which at different times his influence was more
or less shaken with the king. At first he was entirely set aside; and this cannot
be wondered at, when his object was to unite Greece as an independent nation,
while Philip wished to unite it as subject to himself. In B. C. 218, it appears
that Aratus regained his influence by an exposure of the treachery of his opponents;
and the effects of his presence were shewn in a victory gained over the combined
forces of the Aetolians, Eleans, and Lacedaemonians. In B. C. 217 Aratus was the
17th time chosen general, and every thing, so far as the security of the leagued
states was concerned, prospered; but the feelings and objects of the two men were
so different, that no unity was to be looked for, so soon as the immediate object
of subduing certain states was effected. The story told by Plutarch, of his advice
to Philip about the garrisoning of Ithome, would probably represent well the general
tendency of the feeling of these two men.
In B. C. 213 he died, as Plutarch and Polybius both say (Polyb. viii.
14; Plut. Arat. 52), from the effect of poison administered by the king's order.
Divine honours were paid to him by his countrymen, and annual solemnities established
(Dict. of Ant. s. v. Arateia). Aratus wrote Commentaries, being a history of his
own times down to B. C. 220 (Polyb. iv. 2), which Polybius characterises as clearly
written and faithful records (ii. 40). The greatness of Aratus lay in the steadiness
with which he pursued a noble purpose -of uniting the Greeks as one nation; the
consummate ability with which he guided the elements of the stonn which raged
about him; and the zeal which kept him true to his object to the end, when a different
conduct would have secured to him the greatest personal advantage. As a general,
he was unsuccessful in the open field; but for success in stratagem, which required
calculation and dexterity of the first order, unrivalled. The leading object of
his life was noble in its conception, and, considering the state of Macedon and
of Egypt, and more especially the existence of a contemporary with the virtues
and abilities of Cleomenes, ably conducted. Had he been supported in his attempt
to raise Greece by vigour and purity, such as that of Cleomenes in the cause of
Sparta, his fate might have been different. As it was, he left his country surrounded
by difficulty and danger to the guiding hand of Philopoemen and Lycortas. (Plut.
Aratus and Agis; Polyb. ii. iv. vii. viii).
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Oct 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
The Corinthian Phidon1 in fact, one of the most ancient lawgivers, thought that the house-holds and the citizen population ought to remain at the same numbers, even though at the outset the estates of all were unequal in size; but in Plato's Laws the opposite is the case
(2) An ancient Corinthian legislator of uncertain date.
Shipbuilder of the 3rd cent. BC.
It is said that the Corinthians were the first to approach the modern style of naval architecture, and that Corinth was the first place in Hellas where galleys were built;and we have Ameinocles, a Corinthian shipwright, making four ships for the Samians.
Ameinocles (Ameinokles), a Corinthian shipbuilder, who visited Samos about B. C. 704, and built four ships for the Samians (Thuc. i. 13). Pliny (H. N. vii. 56) says, that Thucydides mentioned Ameinocles as the inventor of the trireme; but this is a mistake, for Thucydides merely states that triremes were first built at Corinth in Greece, without ascribing their invention to Ameinocles. According to Syncellus, triremes were first built at Athens by Ameinocles.
SIKYON (Ancient city) CORINTHIA
Baccheidas (Bakcheidas), of Sicyon, a dancer and teacher of music, in honour of whom there is an ancient epigram of four lines preserved by Athenaeus. (xiv.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
360 - 292
Dinarchus, (Deinarchos). One of the ten Greek orators, for the
explanation of whose orations Harpocration compiled his lexicon. (See Canon Alexandrinus.)
He was a Corinthian by birth, but settled at Athens and became intimate with Theophrastus
and Demetrius Phalereus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes his birth at B.C. 361.
The time of his highest reputation was after the death of Alexander, when Demosthenes
and other great orators were dead or banished. He seems to have made a living
by writing speeches for those who were in need of them. Having always been a friend
to the aristocratic party, he was involved in a charge of conspiracy against the
democracy and withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea. He was allowed to return to Athens
after an absence of fifteen years. On his arrival, Dinarchus lodged with one Proxenus,
an Athenian, a friend of his, who, however, if the story be true, robbed the old
man of his money. Dinarchus brought an action against him, and, for the first
time in his life, made his appearance in a court of justice. The charge against
Proxenus, which is drawn up with a kind of legal formality, is preserved by Dionysius
of Halicarnassus. Of the numerous orations of Dinarchus, only three remain, and
these are not entitled to any very high praise. One of them is against Demosthenes,
touching the affair of Harpalus. The best MSS. of Dinarchus are the Codex Cripsianus
and the Codex Oxoniensis. The extant orations of Dinarchus are found in the usual
collections of the Attic orators, especially Baiter and Sauppe's Oratores Attici;
and an edition by Thalheim (1887); elaborate commentary by Matzner (1842).
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Deinarchus, (Deinarchos). The last and at the same time the least important among
the ten Attic orators, was born at Corinth about B. C. 361. (Dionys. Deinarch.
4.) His father's name was Sostratus, or, according to Suidas (s. v. Deinarchos),
Socrates. Though a native of Corinth, he lived at Athens from his early youth.
Public oratory there reached its height about this tine, and Deinarchus devoted
himself to the study of it with great zeal under the guidance of Theophrastus,
though he also profited much by his intercourse with Demetrius Phalereus. (Dionys.
l. c. 2; Plut. Vit. X Orat.; Phot. Bibl., ed. Bekker; Suidas, l. c.) As he was
a foreigner, and did not possess the Athenian franchise, he was not allowed to
come forward himself as an orator on the great questions which then divided public
opinion at Athens, and he was therefore obliged to content himself with writing
orations for others. He appears to have commenced this career in his twenty-sixth
year, about B. C. 336, and as about that time the great Attic orators died away
one after another, Deinarchus soon acquired considerable reputation and great
wealth. He belonged to the friends of Phocion and the Macedonian party, and took
a very active part in the disputes as to whether Harpalus, who had openly deserted
the cause of Alexander the Great, should be tolerated at Athens or not. The time
of his greatest activity is from B. C. 317 to B. C. 307, during which time Demetrius
Phalereus conducted the administration of Athens. But when in B. C. 307 Demetrius
Poliorcetes advanced against Athens, and Demetrius Phalereus was obliged to take
to flight, Deinarchus, who was suspected on account of his equivocal political
conduct, and who was anxious to save his riches, fled to Chalcis in Euboea. It
was not till fifteen years after, B. C. 292, that, owing to the exertions of his
friend Theophrastus, he obtained permission to return to Athens, where he spent
the last years of his lift, and died at an advanced age. The last event of his
life of which we have any record, is a law-suit which he instituted against his
faithless friend, Proxenus, who lead robbed him of his property. But in what manner
the suit ended, is unknown. The principal source of information respecting the
life of Deinarchus is the treatise of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, from which is
derived the greater part of what is preserved in Plutarch (Vit. X Orat.), Photius
(Bibl., ed. Bekk), Suidas (l. c. ), and others.
The number of orations which Deinarchus wrote is uncertain, for Demetrius
of Magnesia (ap. Dionys. l. c. 1; comp. Suidas and Eudoc.) ascribed to him one
hundred and sixty, while Plutarch and Photius speak only of sixty-four genuine
orations; and Dionysius is of opinion, that among the eighty-seven which were
ascribed to him in his time, only sixty were genuine productions of Deinarchus.
Of all these orations three only have come down to us entire, and all three refer
to the question about Harpalus. One is directed against Philocles, the second
against Demosthenes, and the third against Aristogeiton. It is, however, not improbable
that the speech against Theocrincs, which is usually printed among those of Demosthenes,
is likewise a work of Deinarchus. (Dionys. Hal. l. c. 10; Liban. Argam.; Harpocrat.
s. v. agraphiou and Theokrines; Apostol. Proverb. xix. 49.) The titles and fragments
of the orations which are lost, are collected as far as can be by Fabricius (Bibl.
Gr. ii. ), and more complete by Westermann. (Gesch. der griech. Beredtsamk.) The
ancients, such as Dionysius who gives an accurate account of the oratory of Deinarchus,
and especially Hermogenes (de Form. Orat. ii. 11), speak in terms of high praise
of his orations; but there were others also who thought less favourably of him;
some grammarians would not even allow him a place in the canon of the ten Attic
orators (Bibl. Coislin, p. 597), and Dionysius mentions, that he was treated with
indifference by Callimachus and the grammarians of Pergamus. However, some of
the most eminent grammarians, such as Didymus of Alexandria and Heron of Athens,
did not disdain to write cormentaries upon him. (Harpocrat. s.v. martuleion; Suid.
s. v. Eron.) The orations still extant enable us to form an independent opinion
upon the merits of Deinarchus; and we find that Dionysius's judgment is, on the
whole, quite correct. chus was a man of no originality of mind, and it is difficult
to say whether he had any oratorical talent or not. His want of genius led him
to imitate others, such as Lysias, Hyperides, and more especially Demosthenes;
but he was unable to come up to his great model in any point, and was therefore
nicknamed Demosthenes ho agroikos or ho krithinos. Even Hermogenes, his greatest
admirer, does not deny that his style had a certain roughness, whence his orations
were thought to resemble those of Aristogeiton. Although it cannot be denied that
Deinarchus is the best among the many imitators of Demosthenes, he is far inferior
to him in power and energy, in the choice of his expressions, in invention, clearness,
and the arrangement of his subjects.
The orations of Deinarchus are contained in the various collections
of the Attic orators by Aldus (1513), Stephanus (1575), Gruter (1619), Reiske,
Ducas, Bekker, and Baiter and Sauppe. The best separate edition is that of C.
E. A. Schmidt (Leipzig, 1826, 8vo.), with a selection of the notes of his predecessors,
and some of his own. There is also a useful commentary on Deinarchus by C. Wurm,
" Commentarius in Dinarchi Orationes tres," Norimbergae, 1828, 8vo.
(Fabric. Bibl. Gr. ii.; Westermann, Gesch. der griech. Beredisamk.)
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Editor's Information
The e-texts of the works by Dinarchus are found in Greece (ancient country) under the category Ancient Greek Writings.
Dinarchus: Various WebPages
a soothsayer, native of Corinth
KLEONES (Ancient city) NEMEA
Pliny's description of Cimon of Cleonae presents grave difficulties. Most critics agree to the general conclusion that the inventions ascribed to him are represented broadly by what we see in the red-figured vases of the school of Epictetus, the date of which is now assigned to the age of the Peisistratidae. With the growing popularity of the athletic exercises of the palaestra, comes in the preference for representation of the nude figure, in attitudes and movements hitherto untried; the innovations in the drawing of dress, the improved treatment of the eye, the fine inner markings indicating veins and muscles, are all to be traced to these vases.
Catagrapha in this connexion is difficult to explain. Pliny's interpretation, which represents Cimon as the inventor of profile drawing, seems altogether untenable; in early sculptures in relief, figures which would naturally be in profile are frequently represented in full face; but there is no evidence of any such priority of full-face treatment in Painting. On the other hand, it is probable that the great paintings of this time must have consisted of outline drawings with washes of colour, as on the alabastos of Pasiades in the British Museum. One explanation refers it to linear perspective, or what we should term projection! The most generally accepted interpretation refers it to the practice, common in the vase-paintings of this period, of indicating the outline of the body underneath the dress, which adapts itself to the movements of the figure.
A notable monument of this period is the Stele of Lyseas, an inscribed marble shaft of about 550-525 B.C., with an inscription stating that it is the tombstone and portrait of Lyseas; on the front is painted the full-length figure of the deceased, holding in one hand a cantharus, in the other the twigs of lustration; the chiton is purple, the himation white with a coloured edge, the twigs green, the cantharus black. The outline was first drawn in a dark colour, and the background is red. Below is a minute figure of a galloping horseman. The similarity of this figure to the carved stele of Aristion shows the close connexion that then existed between marble painting and marble relief. Probably such paintings were much in vogue, though naturally very little beyond mere fragments of them have come down to us. The technique corresponds most nearly to that of the black-figured vases. Loeschcke has tried to show that the change from black to red figures in vase-painting was brought about by the influence of marble paintings, such as the Stele of Lyseas; but this suggestion has been generally opposed (see Klein, Euphronios,2 p. 30, and Arch.-Epig. Mitth. 1887, p. 209). We referred above to the statement of Pausanias (vii. 22, 6) that the great artist Nicias painted a sepulchral stele at Triteia: this is important as showing that, even if the Stele of Lyseas is not by a great master, it belongs to a class of work which was not beneath the dignity, and probably reflects the methods, of the great masters.
Another interesting monument, which may probably be referred to this period, has recently been discovered in or near Athens; it is a disk of white marble pierced with two bronze nails for attachment to a wall; on it is painted4 a bearded man seated in a chair, and around the picture is an archaic inscription recording that this is the monument of the excellent physician Aineos or Aineios. The name is an uncommon one, and has been identified with that of the great uncle of the famous Hippocrates; assuming this to be a contemporary portrait, the date would thus fall at about 520 B.C.
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Cimon of Cleonae, a painter of great renown, praised by Pliny (H. N. xxxv. 34) and Aelian. (V. H. viii. 8). It is difficult to ascertain, from Pliny's obscure words, wherein the peculiar merits of Cimon consisted: it is certain, however, that he was not satisfied with drawing simply the outlines of his figures, such as we see in the oldest painted vases, but that he also represented limbs, veins, and the folds of garments. He invented the Catasgrapha, that is, not the profile, according to the common interpretation, but the various positions of figures, as they appear when looking upwards, downwards, and sideways; and he must therefore be considered as the first painter of perspective. It would appear from an epigram of Simonides (Anthol. Palat. ix. 758), that he was a contemporary of Dionysius, and belonged therefore to the 80th Olympiad; but as he was certainly more ancient, Klchon should in that passage be changed into Michon.
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Eumarus, a very ancient Greek painter of monochromes, was the first, according to Pliny, who distinguished, in painting, the male from the female, and who "dared to imitate all figures". His invention wits improved upon by Simon (=Comon) of Cleonae (xxxv. 8. s. 34). Muller supposes that the distinction was made by a difference of colouring; but Pliny's words seem rather to refer to the drawing of the figure.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
Cleanthes of Corinth is by Pliny ranked among the inventors of linear drawing; but Pliny's order cannot be accepted here, for it seems clear that the place of Cleanthes is at least posterior to that of Ecphantus. In this case we are not left to Pliny's information alone. Strabo (viii. 343) notes two works by this master in the temple of Artemis Alpheia: an Iliupersis, and a Birth of Athene. Of the first of these pictures we know nothing more: the Birth of Athene, however, is further mentioned by Athenaeus (viii. 346 c), who describes in this picture the figure of Poseidon offering a tunny fish to Zeus in travail. This is of course an error; the tunny is merely the attribute of Poseidon, whose type is thus distinguished on the Penteskuphia pinakes; and the whole description seems to point to a votive pinax of this kind, dating probably from the seventh century. In all probability it was one among many in this temple. Strabo couples with this picture another from the same temple by AREGON, representing Artemis on a Gryphon; this type, however, seems inconsistent with what we know of the methods of this period, and it is likely that either Aregon was of a much later date, or that Strabo's information was incorrect.
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Cleanthes, an ancient painter of Corinth, mentioned among the inventors of that art by Pliny (H. N. xxxv. 5) and Athenagoras (Legat. pro Christ. c. 17). A picture by him representing the birth of Minerva was seen in the temple of Diana near the Alpheus (Strab. viii.; Athen. viii.). This work was not, as Gerhard says, confounding our artist with Ctesilochus (Plin. xxxv. 40), in a ludicrous style, but rather in the severe style of ancient art.
Cleophantus, one of the mythic inventors of painting at Corinth, who is said to have followed Demaratus in his flight from Corinth to Etruria. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 5.)
Ardices of Corinth and Telephanes of Sicyon, were, according to Pliny (xxxv. 5), the first artists who practised the monogram, or drawing in outline with an indication also of the parts within the external outline, but without colour, as in the designs of Flaxman and Retzsch. Pliny, after stating that the invention of the earliest form of drawing, namely, the external outline, as marked by the edge of the shadow (umbra hominis lineis circumducta, or pictura linearis), was claimed by the Egyptians, the Corinthians, and the Sicyonians, adds, that it was said to have been invented by Philocles, an Egyptian, or by Cleanthes, a Corinthian, and that the next step was made by Ardices and Telephanes, who first added the inner lines of the figure (spargentes lineas intus).
Next comes Ecphantus of Corinth, with whose name are associated the pictures of the colour of pounded potsherd: probably this expression merely refers to the deep purple colour which is added in the earliest vase-paintings of Corinthian style, and which to Pliny's authority may have seemed their most striking characteristic: that writer may have seen some early painting signed by Ecphantus, and was thus led to connect this improvement with his name. Like Eucheir and Eugrammus, he is said to have come out of Corinth with Demaratus. Pliny tries to explain away this difficulty by the stock method of imagining two Ecphanti; but while the journey is of course legendary, there is no reason why we should not accept Ecphantus as a real personality; it is even possible that we possess a monumental record of this very artist in the Columna Naniana (Lowy, Inschr. Gr. Bildh. No. 5), of which the inscription runs thus:-- Pai Dios, Ekphantoi dexai tod' amemphes agalma
soi gar epeuchomenos tout' etelesse graphon.
It seems likely that this column, which was found at Melos, and which, from its inscription, dates from the seventh century, supported a painting; possibly this was a Melian vase-painting, by the artist Ecphantus, who thus dedicates his own handiwork.
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Aregon, a Corinthian painter, who, in conjunction with Cleanthes, ornamented the temple of Artemis Alpheionia at the mouth of the Alpheius in Elis. He painted Artemis riding on a griffin (Strab. vii.). If Cleanthes be the artist mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 5), Aregon must be placed at the very earliest period of the rise of art in Greece.
Glaucion, a painter of Corinth, and the teacher of Athenion. (Plin. H.N. xxxv. 11. s. 40.29.)
Iphion of Corinth, a painter, who is only known by two epigrams, which are ascribed, on doubtful grounds, to Simonides. (Anth. Pal. ix. 757, xiii. 1; Brunck, Anal. vol. i.)
A celebrated Greek painter at Sicyon, contemporary with Zeuxis and Parrhasius, about B.C. 400. The masterpiece of Timanthes was his celebrated picture of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which Agamemnon was painted with his face hidden in his mantle.
In this school (the Sicyonian) we may include the name of Timanthes, who is indeed expressly called the Sicyonian painter by Eustathius (ad Il. p. 1343, 60). Pliny tells us that he successfully competed at Samos (doubtless at one of the annual art exhibitions already mentioned) with Parrhasius. [p. 413] Parrhasius' picture on this occasion represented the contest between Ajax and Odysseus for the arms of Achilles; and when beaten, he complained that Ajax had again been defeated by an unworthy opponent (i. e. in Homer, by Odysseus, and at Samos, by Timanthes). We are not told what was the subject of Timanthes' picture on this occasion; but it is clear that it could not have been, as Brunn supposes, the same as that of Parrhasius. Of the four other pictures ascribed to him, the Palamedes is uncertain, the hero in the temple of Pax at Rome tells us nothing, and the Sleeping Cyclops is probably not by him: Pliny (xxxv. § 74) describes it as a Cyclops sleeping, a tiny picture; to bring out the colossal size of the monster, the artist inserted figures of Satyrs, measuring his thumb with a thyrsos. The whole idea of this picture seems out of keeping with the age of our artist, and to belong rather to that idyllic time which treats the Cyclops from the idyllic point of view as the lover of Galatea. The Timanthes therefore who painted this may have been some much later artist of the same name.
We are thus left, for our estimate of Timanthes, to the most famous of his pictures, the Sacrifice of Iphigeneia, and the one with which he overcame in competition Colotes of Teos. The maiden was represented standing before the altar on which she was about to be offered up, and grief is exhibited in the faces of the by-standers. The intensity of emotion is graduated in the different faces, culminating in the climax with the father Agamemnon, whose head is veiled from view. More than one monument has come down to us which seems to have been inspired by this picture (see Wiener Vorlegebl. v. 8-10; the mosaic in Arch. Zeit. 1869, pl. 14; and Overbeck, Her. Bildw. p. 314 fol.): the most important of these is the Pompeian wall-painting (Overbeck, ib. pl. xiv. 10), which agrees in most of the important details with the description. The detail which appears constant throughout, the veiled grief of Agamemnon, is what seems most to have caught the fancy of the ancients; and it is possibly this fact which has inspired Pliny's estimate of his ingenium, so that he says of Timanthes that in his works the spectator sees more than is actually there (intelligitur plus semper quam pingitur). Apart, however, from oratorical gush, we may obtain a real idea of the grandeur of Timanthes' conception, which would seem to place him on a level higher than that of his contemporaries.
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After the invention of linear drawing, Pliny mentions Apicides of Corinth and Telephanes of Sicyon, spargentes lineas intra, and who also attached the names to their figures; the term lineas has usually been misunderstood as an allusion to the inner markings of the figure, giving the drawing of the eyes, nostrils, all in short which goes beyond mere silhouette. We cannot, however, suppose that all previous artists drew their figures as blind; and it is obvious moreover from vases, that inner markings must have been adopted long before the practice of writing in the names. Klein therefore suggests that this expression in Pliny refers to the linear ornaments, borrowed probably from the imitation of textile fabrics, which fill in the background in the designs of the end of the seventh and beginning of the sixth centuries B.C. And though this explanation upsets the chronological sequence of Pliny's statements, we need not reject it on that ground, for in this, as well as many other points, Pliny is demonstrably incorrect.
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Craton of Sikyon painted a man and woman on a whitened pinax; we are naturally led to think of the vase-paintings in black figures on a white ground: the term leleukomenos, however, need not imply more than the practice common to all the paintings of this period, which obtains equally in the Penteskuphia tablets and in the Clazomenae sarcophagi, of preparing the ground of the design with a yellowish-white pigment. The man and woman of Pliny's statement suggests the symmetrical pairs of figures which are commonly mentioned in the descriptions of works of this period, such as the Chest of Cypselus and the Spartan basis.
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A Greek painter, a native of Sicyon, who flourished about B.C. 400. He was the founder of the Sicyonian school of painting, which laid great emphasis on professional knowledge.
Eupompus, (Eupompos), of Sicyon, one of the most distinguished Greek painters, was the contemporary of Zeuxis, Parrhasius, and Timanthes, and the instructor of Pamphilus, the master of Apelles. He was held in such esteem by his contemporaries, that a new division was made of the schools of art, and he was placed at the head of one of them. Formerly only two schools had been recognized, the Greek Proper or Helladic, and the Asiatic; but the fame of Eupompus led to the creation of a new school, the Sicyonian, as a branch of the Helladic, and the division then adopted was the Ionian, the Sicyonian, and the Attic, the last of which had, no doubt, Apollodorus for its head. Another instance of the influence of Eupompus is his celebrated answer to Lysippus, who, at the beginning of his career, asked the great painter whom he should take for his model; and Eupompus answered that he ought to imitate nature herself, and no single artist. The only work of Eupompus which is mentioned is a victor in the games carrying a palm. (Plin. xxxiv. 8. s. 19.6, xxxv. 9, 10. s. 36.3, 7.)
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Eupompus of Sicyon is named by Pliny as belonging to this period (hac aetate), but that he was later than Timanthes we see from the fact that his pupils belong to a considerably later date. Of his pictures we know scarcely anything; but his importance is emphasised by the statement of Pliny, who says that on his account the schools of painting were now reckoned as three--viz. Ionic, Sicyonic, and Attic. It is evident from what has gone before that this cannot mean that Eupompus founded the Sicyonic school; it had existed from time immemorial; it merely means that from this time the Sicyonic painters begin to raise themselves as a separate class above the level of the rest of the Helladic school.
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Melanthius (Melanthios). A Greek painter of the Sicyonian School, contemporary with Apelles (B.C. 332), with whom he studied under Pamphilus (Pliny , Pliny H. N.xxxv. 50).
Of the pupils of Pamphilus, Melanthius, whose superiority in composition is said to have been conceded by his fellowpupil Apelles: of him, again, we only know one picture, which represented Aristratus, the Tyrant of Sicyon in Philip's time, standing beside the chariot of Nike: when under Aratus all effigies of Tyrants were subsequently destroyed, the figure of Aristratus was scraped out, and a palm-tree inserted in its place.
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Pausias. A Greek painter, a pupil of Pamphilus and a follower of the Sicyonian school. He lived about 360-330 B.C. at Sicyon, and invented the art of painting vaulted ceilings, and also of foreshortening; he brought encaustic painting with the cestrum to perfection. He painted chiefly children and flowers. One of his most famous pictures was the Flower Girl (Stephanoplokos), representing the flower girl Glycera, of whom he was enamoured in his youth.
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Another of the pupils of Pamphilus, Pausias, may be considered to have done most
to develop the capabilities of the new method (Pliny, xxxv. § 123, primum in hoc
genere nobilem ). Striking effects of transparency, such as the face of his Methe
visible through the glass out of which she drank; of gradations of single colours,
so that in his famous Sacrifice picture the entire body of a bull seen in foreshortening
was coloured black: such were the features of his work; which, moreover, seems
to have been limited in other directions by the tediousness of the encaustic method;
so that his pictures were almost all on a small scale, and occupied with subjects
appropriate to the size, such as scenes of child life (pueri) and even (for the
first time) flower subjects. Pliny tells a story of his restoring the mural paintings
of Polygnotus at Thespiae, and adds that he was not very successful, quoniam non
suo genere certasset. We have, however, seen that Pliny neither knew nor cared
anything about the great mural paintings; the Thespiae here is a mistake for Delphi,
so that we can place no reliance on this evidence of Pausias' practice with the
brush.
From this point the history of Painting seems to branch off. Brunn,
and most critics following him, have thought to be able to trace a new school
existing side by side with the Sicyonian, of which the name of Aristeides stands
at the head, and which includes Nicomachus, Euphranor, and Nicias. This school
was termed the Theban Attic, for this reason; Aristeides is frequently termed
Thebanus, and we hear of a picture by him in Thebes; after the decline of Theban
power the, school is supposed to have taken root at Athens; and a contrast is
drawn between the severe academic exactness and thoroughness chrestographia) of
the Sicyonian school, and the greater ease and versatility, and invention more
intent upon the expression of human emotion of the Theban-Attic. This conclusion,
which, has been generally accepted, certainly, appears to rest on very insufficient
grounds, and it leaves us with, an impression of the narrowness and one-sidedness
of the Sicyonic school which is hardly warrantable in fact. Klein, who has subjected
each of the artists of the period now succeeding to a searching examination, advances
a theory which seems to do away with the difficulty. He, traces the whole of these
artists, back in two pedigrees to the tutelage of the two artists, Aristeides
and Pausias; he finds that Aristeides the Theban belongs no less to the Sicyonic
school than Pausias or than Pamphilus of Amphipolis; that most of these artists
can be more or less directly associated with Sicyon. The powerful reaction which
tradition, intelligibly enough, connects with Sicyon, . . . is only comprehensible
by the knowledge that it was preceded by a freshening and permeation of the ancestral
parent stock with Northern Greek blood. From North Greece it acquired the technique
of encaustic, which it developed, to the highest perfection; and thence arose
the idea that Aristides and Pamphilus were the first artists in encaustic. From
what we know of these artists it would appear that all spheres of art, from the
highest to the lowest, were handled by them; but there is no reason to suppose
that the traditions of technique and style which marked the Sicyonic school were
not preserved in painting as they were in sculpture.
This extract is from: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) (eds. William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Erigonus, originally a colour-grinder to the painter Nealces, obtained so much knowledge of his master's art, that he became the teacher of the celebrated painter Pasias, the brother of the modeller Aegineta. (Plin. xxxv. 11, s. 40.41). From this statement it follows that he flourished about B. C. 240
Arcesilaus. A painter, the son of the sculptor Tisicrates, flourished about 280 or 270 B. C. (Plin. xxxv. 40.42.) Pausanias (i. 1.3) mentions a painter of the same name, whose picture of Leosthenes and his sons was to be seen in the Peiraeeus. Though Leosthenes was killed in the war of Athens against Lamia, B. C. 323, Sillig argues, that the fact of his sons being included in the picture favours the supposition that it was painted after his death, and that we may therefore safely refer the passages of Pausanias and of Pliny to the same person. (Catal. Artif s. v.)
Aegineta a modeller (fictor) mentioned by Pliny. (H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40.) Scholars are now pretty well agreed, that Winckelmann was mistaken in supposing that the word Aeginetae in the passage of Pliny denoted merely the country of some artist, whose real name, for some reason or other, was not given. His brother Pasias, a painter of some distinction, was a pupil of Erigonus, who had been colour-grinder to the artist Nealces. We learn from Plutarch (Arat. 13), that Nealces was a friend of Aratus of Sicyon, who was elected praetor of the Achaean league B. C. 243. We shall not be far wrong therefore in assuming, that Aegineta and his brother flourished about Ol. CXL. B. C. 220.
Brietes, a painter, the father of Pausias of Sicyon. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40.)
Aristolaus, a painter, the son and scholar of Pausias. He flourished therefore
about Ol. 118, B. C. 308. Pliny (xxxv. 11. s. 40) mentions several of his works,
and characterises his style as in the highest degree severe.
Leontiscus, a painter of the Sicyonian school, contemporary with Aratus, whose portrait he painted, with a trophy (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40.35). It seems almost idle to inquire which of the victories of Aratus this picture was intended to celebrate. Harduin quotes Plutarch (Arat. 38, fol.), as making it probable that the victory referred to was that over Aristippus, the tyrant of Argos. This would place the painter's date about B. C. 235.
FLIOUS (Ancient city) NEMEA
320 - 230
Timon. The son of Timarchus of Phlius, a philosopher of the sect of the Sceptics,
and a celebrated writer of the species of satiric poems called Silli (silloi),
flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B. C. 279, and onwards.
A pretty full account of his life is preserved by Diogenes Laertius, from the
first book of a work on the Silli (en toi protoi ton eis tous sillous hupomneaton)
by Apollonides of Nicaea ; and some particulars are quoted by Diogenes from Antigonus
of Carystus, and from Sotion (Diog. Laert. ix. c. 12.109-115). Being left an orphan
while still young, he was at first a choreutes in the theatre, but he abandoned
this profession for the study of philosophy, and, having removed to Megara, he
spent some time with Stilpon, and then he returned home and married. He next went
to Elis with his wife, and heard Pyrrhon, whose tenets he adopted, so far at least
as his restless genius and satirical scepticism permitted him to follow any master.
During his residence at Elis, he had children born to him, the eldest of whom,
named Xanthus, he instructed in the art of medicine and trained in his philosophical
principles, so that he might be his successor and representative (kai diadochon
biou katelipe; but these words may, however, mean that he left him heir to his
property). Driven again from Elis by straitened circumstances, he spent some time
on the Hellespont and the Propontis, and taught at Chalcedon as a sophist with
such success that he realised a fortune. He then removed to Athens, where he lived
until his death, with the exception of a short residence at Thebes. Among the
great men, with whom he became personally acquainted in the course of his travels,
which probably extended more widely about the Aegean and the Levant than we are
informed, were the kings Antigonus and Ptolemy Philadelphus. He is said to have
assisted Alexander Aetolus and Homerus in the composition of their tragedies,
and to have been the teacher of Aratus (Suid. s. v. Aragos). " These indications,"
says Mr. Clinton, " mark his time. He might have heard Stilpo at Megara twenty-five
years before the reign of Philadelphus". He died at the age of almost ninety.
Among his pupils were Dioscurides of Cyprus, Nicolochus of Rhodes, Euphranor of
Seleuceia, and Praylus of the Troad.
Timon appears to have been endowed by nature with a powerful and active
mind, and with that quick perception of the follies of men, which betrays its
possessor into a spirit of universal distrust both of men and truths, so as to
make him a sceptic in philosophy and a satirist in every thing. According to Diogenes,
Timon had that physical defect, which some have fancied that they have found often
accompanied by such a spirit as his, and which at least must have given greater
force to its utterances; he was a one-eyed man; and he used even to make a jest
of his own defect, calling himself Cyclops. Some other examples of his bitter
sarcasms are recorded by Diogenes; one of which is worth qoting as a maxim in
criticism : being asked by Aratus how to obtain the pure text of Homer, he replied,
" If we could find the old copies, and not those with modern emendations." He
is also said to have been fond of retirement, and of gardening; but Diogenes introduces
this statement and some others in such a way as to suggest a doubt whether they
ought to be referred to our Timon or to Timon the misanthrope, or whether they
apply equally to both.
The writings of Timon are represented as very numerous. According
to Diogenes, in the order of whose statement there appears to be some confusion,
he composed epe, kai tragoidias, kai saturous, kai dramata komika triakonta, tragika
de hexekonta, sillous te kai kinaidous. The double mention of his tragedies raises
a suspicion that Diogenes may have combined two different accounts of his writings
in this sentence; but perhaps it may be explained by supposing the words tragika
de hexekonta to be inserted simply in order to put the number of his tragedies
side by side with that of his comedies. Some may find another difficulty in the
passage, on account of the great number and variety of the poetical works ascribed
to Timon ; but this is nothing surprising in a writer of that age of universal
imitative literature; nor, when the early theatrical occupations of Timon are
borne in mind, is it at all astonishing that his taste for the drama should have
prompted him to the composition of sixty tragedies and thirty comedies, besides
satyric dramas. One thing, however, it is important to observe. The composition
of tragedies and comedies by the same author is an almost certain indication that
his dramas were intended only to be read, and not to be acted. No remains of his
dramas have come down to us.
Of his epic poems we know very little; but it may be presumed that
they were chiefly ludicrous or satirical poems in the epic form. Possibly his
Python (Puthon), which contained a long account of a conversation with Pyrrhon,
during a journey to Pytho, may be referred to this class; unless it was in prose
(Diog. ix. 64,105; Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiv.). It appears probable that his Arkesilaou
perideipnon or prodeipnon was a satirical poem in epic verse (Diog. ix. 115; Ath.
ix.). Whether he wrote parodies on Homer or whether he merely occasionally, in
the course of his writings, parodied passages of the Homeric poems, cannot be
determined with certainty from the lines in his extant fragments which are evident
parodies of Homer, such, for example, as the verse preserved by Diogenes:
Espete nun moi hosoi polupragmones este sophistai,
which is an obvious parody on the Homeric invocation (II. ii. 484),
Espete nun moi Mousai Olumpia domat echousai.
The most celebrated of his poems, however, were the satiric compositions called
Silli (silloi), a word of somewhat doubtful etymology, but which undoubtedly describes
metrical compositions, of a character at once ludicrous and sarcastic. The invention
of this species of poetry is ascribed to Xenophanes of Colophon. The Silli of
Timon were in three books, in the first of which he spoke in his own person, and
the other two are in the form of a dialogue between the author and Xenophanes
of Colophon, in which Timon proposed questions, to which Xenophanes replied at
length. The subject was a sarcastic account of the tenets of all philosophers,
living and dead; an unbounded field for scepticism and satire. They were in hexameter
verse, and, from the way in which they are mentioned by the ancient writers, as
well as from the few fragments of them which have come down to us, it is evident
that they were very admirable productions of their kind (Diog. l. c. ; Aristocles
ap. Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiv.; Suid. s. vv. sillainei, timon; Ath. passim; Gell.
iii. 17). Commentaries were written on the Silli by Apollonides of Nicaea, as
already mentioned, and also by Sotion of Alexandria (Ath. viii.). The poem entitled
Indalmoi, in elegiac verse, appears to have been similar in its subject to the
Silli (Diog. Laert. ix. 65). Diogenes also mentions Timon's iamboi (ix. 110),
but perhaps the word is here merely used in the sense of satirical poems in general,
without reference to the metre.
He also wrote in prose, to the quantity, Diogenes tells us, of twenty
thousand lines. These works were no doubt on philosophical subjects, but all we
know of their specific character is contained in the three references made by
Diogenes to Timon's works peri aistheseos, peri zeteseos, and kata sophias.
The fragments of his poems have been collected by H. Stephanus, in
his Poesis Philosophica, 1573, 8vo.; by J. F. Langenrich,at the end of his Dissertationes
Ill. de Timone Sillographo, Lips. 1720, 1721, 1723, 4to.; by Brunck, in his Analecta,
vol. ii. pp. 67, foil.; by F. A. Wolke, in his monograph De Graecorum Syllis,
Varsav. 1820, 8vo.; and by F. Paul, in his Dissertatio de Sillis, Berol. 1821,
8vo. (See also Creuzer and Daub's Studien, vol. vi. pp. 302, foll.; Ant. Weland,
Dissert. de praecip. Parodiarum Homericarum Scriptoribus apud Graecos, pp. 50,
foll. Gotting. 1833, 8vo.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. pp. 623--625; Menag.
ad Diog. Laert. l. c. ; Welcker, die Griech. Tragod. pp. 1268, 1269; Bode, Gesch.
d. Hellen. Dichtk. vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 345--347; Ulrici, vol. ii. p. 317 ; Clinton,
F. H. vol. iii. p. 495).
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited July 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Timon. The son of Timarchus of Phlius, a philosopher of the
sect of the Skeptics, who flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, about
B.C. 279 and onwards. He first studied philosophy at Megara, under Stilpo, and
then returned home and married. He next went to Elis with his wife, and heard
Pyrrho, whose tenets he adopted. Driven from Elis by straitened circumstances,
he spent some time on the Hellespont and the Propontis, and taught at Chalcedon
as a sophist with such success that he realized a fortune. He then removed to
Athens, where he passed the remainder of his life, with the exception of a short
residence at Thebes. He died at the age of almost ninety.
Timon appears to have been endowed by nature with a powerful
and active mind, and with that quick perception of the follies of men which betrays
its possessor into a spirit of universal distrust both of men and truths, so as
to make him a skeptic in philosophy and a satirist in everything. His agnosticism
(to use a modern term) is shown by his saying that man need only know three things--viz.
what is the nature of things, how we are related to them, and what we can gain
from them; but as our knowledge of things must always be subjective and unreal,
we can only live in a state of suspended judgment. He wrote numerous works both
in prose and poetry. The most celebrated of his poems were the satiric compositions
called silli (silloi), a word of somewhat doubtful etymology, but which undoubtedly
describes metrical compositions of a character at once ludicrous and sarcastic.
The invention of this species of poetry is ascribed to Xenophanes of Colophon.
The Silli of Timon were in three books, in the first of which he spoke in his
own person, and the other two are in the form of a dialogue between the author
and Xenophanes of Colophon, in which Timon proposed questions, to which Xenophanes
replied at length. The subject was a sarcastic account of the tenets of all philosophers,
living and dead--an unbounded field for skepticism and satire. They were in hexameter
verse, and from the way in which they are mentioned by the ancient writers, as
well as from the few fragments of them which have come down to us, it is evident
that they were very admirable productions of their kind.
This text is from: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
He started out teaching at the Academy of Athens and then became Stilpo’s disciple. Later he followed his friend Menedimus to his home-town, Eretria, and became one of the founders of the Eretria School of Philosophy.
Asclepiades, a cynic philosopher, a native of Phlius, and a contemporary of Crates of Thebes, who must consequently have lived about B. C. 330. (Diog. Laert. vi. 91; Tertull. c. Nat. ii. 14.) Whether he is the same as the one whom Cicero (Tusc. v. 39) states to have been blind, is uncertain.
Since the ancient times it had not been clearly defined where Echecrates came from. Some claim that the great philosopher, one of the last Pythagoreans, went to Phlious after the School of Sicily closed down. Phlious was Pythagoras’ place of origin. It is believed that Plato was one of Echecrates’ disciples and the one who described the circumstances of his death.
KORINTHOS (Ancient city) PELOPONNISOS
Callippus, a Stoic philosopher of Corinth, who was a pupil of Zeno, the founder of the school. (Diog. Laert. vii. 38.) He seems to be the same person as the Callippus mentioned by Pausanias (ix. 29.2, 38.10) as the author of a work entitled sungraphe heis Orchomenious, of which a few fragments are preserved there.
Damis. An Epicurean, introduced several times by Lucian as an irreligious and profligate
man. He appears to be the same who is spoken of (Dial. Mort. 27) as a wealthy
Corinthian, and who is said to have been poisoned by his own son. Harles however
supposes, that the Damis in question may have been a fictitious character. (Ad
Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii., and the passages of Lucian there referred to.)
CHILIOMODI (Village) TENEA
1889 - 1977
Founder of the Greek "Popular Theatre".
Author of Satyric dramas, father of Aristias.
Pratinas. A Greek dramatist, of Phlius, who lived about B.C. 496 at Athens. He was a contemporary and rival of Aeschylus, and is believed to have invented the satyric drama. At any rate, he was a very prolific writer in this department of literature. He also wrote tragedies, dithyrambs, and hyporchemata, of which we possess a fairly long and highly original fragment, preserved by Athenaeus (xiv. 617). His son Aristias was also a dramatic poet.
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