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DEDALA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Daedala (ta Daidala: Eth. Daidaleus), a city of the Rhodia, that is,
the Peraea in Caria, or a small place, as Stephanus B. says (s. v.), on the authority
of Strabo; and also a mountain tract in Lycia.
The eastern limit of the Rhodian Peraea was the town of Daedala, and
after Daedala, which belongs to the Rhodii, is a mountain of the same name, Daedala,
where commences the line of the Lycian coast: near the mountain, that is, on the
coast, is Telmissus, a town of Lycia, and the promontory Telmissis. (Strab. pp.
664, 665.) The Daedala is that part of the mountain country of Lycia which lies
between the Dalamon Tchy and the middle course of the Xanthus; and the high land
comes down to the coast at the head of the gulf of Glaucus or Makri. (Map, &c.
by Hoskyn, London Geog. Journal, vol. xii.) In Mr. Hoskyn's map just referred
to, the ruins of Daedala are placed near the head of the gulf of Glaucus, on the
west side of a small river named Inigi Chai, which seems to be the river Ninus,
of which Alexander in his Lyciaca (Steph. B. s. v. Daidala) tells the legend,
that Daedalus was going through a marsh on the Ninus, or through the Ninus river,
when he was bitten by a water snake, and died and was buried there, and there
the city Daedala was built. The valley through which the Ninus flows, is picturesque,
and well-cultivated. On the mountain on the W. side of the valley is an ancient
site, probably Daedala: here are numerous tombs hewn in the rocks in the usual
Lycian style; some are well-finished. The acropolis stood on a detached hill;
on its summits are remains of a well, and a large cistern. We did not find any
inscriptions. (Hoskyn.) But though no inscriptions were found, there is hardly
any doubt that the place is Daedala. Pliny (v. 31) mentions two islands off this
coast belonging to the Daedaleis. There is an island off the coast east of the
mouth of the Inigi Chai, and another west of the mouth of the river; and these
may be the islands which Pliny means. The islands of the Cryeis, three according
to Pliny, lie opposite to Crya, on the west side of the gulf of Makri. Livy (xxxvii.
22) mentions Daedala as a parvum castellum. Ptolemy (v. 2) places Daedala, and
indeed the whole of the west side of the gulf of Glaucus, in Lycia.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
PINARA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Pinapa (ta Pinapa: Eth. Pinareus). 1. A large city of Lycia, at the
foot of Mount Cragus, and not far from the western bank of the river Xanthus,
where the Lycian hero Pandarus was worshipped. (Strab. xiv. 665; Steph. B. s.
v.; Arrian, Anab. i. 24; Plin. v. 28; Ptol. v. 3. § 5; Hierocl. p. 684.) This
city, though it is not often mentioned by ancient writers, appears, from its vast
and beautiful ruins, to have been, as Strabo asserts, one of the largest towns
of the country. According to the Lycian history of Menecrates, quoted by Stephanus
Byz. (s. v. Artumnesos), the town was a colony of Xanthus, and originally bore
the name of Artymnesus, afterwards changed into Pinara, which, in the Lycian language,
signified a round hill, the town being situated on such an eminence. Its ruins
were discovered by Sir Charles Fellows, near the modern village of Minara. From
amidst the ancient city, he says (Lycia, p. 139), rises a singular round rocky
cliff (the pinara of the Lycians), literally specked all over with tombs. Beneath
this cliff lie the ruins of the extensive and splendid city. The theatre is in
a very perfect state; all the seats are remaining, with the slanting sides towards
the proscenium, as well as several of its doorways. The walls and several of the
buildings are of the Cyclopian style, with massive gateways, formed of three immense
stones. The tombs are innumerable, and the inscriptions are in the Lycian characters,
but Greek also occurs often on the same tombs. Some of these rock-tombs are adorned
with fine and rich sculptures.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
SIDYMA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Sidyma (Siduma: Eth. Sidumeus), a town of Lycia, on the southern slope
of Mount Cragus, to the north-west of the mouth of the Xanthus. (Plin. v. 28;
Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. v. 3. § 5; Hierocles, p. 684; Cedrenus, p. 344.) The ruins
of this city, on a lofty height of Mount Cragus, have first been discovered and
described by Sir C. Fellows. (Lycia, p. 151, foll.) They are at the village of
Tortoorcar Hissa, and consist chiefly of splendidly built tombs, abounding in
Greek inscriptions. The town itself appears to have been very small, and the theatre,
agora, and temples, are of diminutive size, but of great beauty.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
TELMISSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Telmessus or Telmissus (Telmessos, Telmissos, or Telmisos: Eth. Telmisseus).
A flourishing and prosperous city in the west of Lycia, was situated near Cape
Telmissis (Strab. xiv. p. 665), or Telmissias (Steph. B. s. v. Telmissos), on
a bay which derived from it the name of Sinus Telmissicus. (Liv. xxxvii. 16; Lucan
viii.248.) On the south-west of it was Cape Pedalium, at a distance of 200 stadia.
Its inhabitants were celebrated in ancient times for their skill as diviners,
and were often consulted by the Lydian kings. (Herod. i. 78; comp. Arrian, Anab.
ii. 3. § 4.) In the time of Strabo, however, who calls it a small town (polichne),
it seems to have fallen into decay; though at a later period it appears to have
been an episcopal see. (Hierocl. p. 684; comp. Pomp. Mela, i. 15: Plin. v. 28;
Ptol. v. 3. § 2; Polyb. xxii. 27; Studiasm. Mar. M. § § 255, 256; Scylax, p. 39,
where it is miswritten Theanissos.) Considerable remains of Telmessus still exist
at Myes or Meis; and those of a theatre, porticoes, and sepulchral chambers in
the living rock, are among the most remarkable in all Asia Minor. (Leake, Asia
Minor, p. 128; Fellows, Asia Minor, p. 243, where some representations of the
remains of Telmessus are figured; Lycia, p. 106, foll.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
TLOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Tlos (Tlos or Tlos), an ancient and important city of Lycia. It is
not often mentioned by ancient writers, but we know from Artemidorus (ap. Strab.
xiv. p. 665) that it was one of the six cities forming the Lycian confederacy.
Strabo only remarks further that it was situated on the road to Cibyra. (Comp.
Plin. v. 28; Ptol. v. 3. § 5; Steph. B. s. v.; Hierocl. p. 659.) Until recently
the site of this town was unknown, though D'Anville had correctly conjectured
that it ought to be looked for in the valley of the Xanthus. Sir C. Fellows was
the first modern traveller who saw and described its beautiful remains, the identity
of which is established beyond a doubt by inscriptions. These ruins exist in the
upper valley of the Xanthus, at a little distance from its eastern bank, almost
due north of the city of Xanthus, and about 5 miles from the village of Doover.
They are, says Sir Charles, very extensive, consisting of extremely massive buildings,
suited only for palaces; the design appears to be Roman, but not the mode of building
nor the inscriptions. The original city must have been demolished in very early
times, and the finely wrought fragments are now seen built into the strong walls,
which have fortified the town raised upon its ruins. The theatre was large, and
the most highly and expensively finished that he had seen; the seats not only
are of marble, but the marble is highly wrought and has been polished, and each
seat has an overhanging cornice often supported by lions' paws. There are also
ruins of several other extensive buildings with columns; but the most striking
feature in the place is the perfect honeycomb formed in the sides of the acropolis
by excavated tombs, which are cut out of the rock with architectural ornaments,
in the form of triangles, &c., some showing considerable taste. (Fellows, Asia
Minor, p. 237, foil., Lycia, p. 132, foll., where some of the remains are figured
and a number of inscriptions given.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
DEDALA (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town of Caria, near the confines of Lycia and on the northern shore of the Glaucus
Sinus. It was said to have derived its name from Daedalus, who, being stung by
a snake on crossing the small river Ninus, died and was buried here.
PINARA (Ancient city) TURKEY
(ta Pinara). An inland city of Lycia, where Pandarus was worshipped as a hero.
SIDYMA (Ancient city) TURKEY
A town in Lycia, north of the mouth of the Xanthus. Remains of it still exist, with interesting inscriptions.
DEDALA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Site in Lycia or Caria, almost certainly at Inlice Asarl, 19 km N
of Fethiye and 6 km E of Gocek. Strabo (651) calls it the beginning of the Rhodian
Peraea, and the Stadiasmus places it 50 stades from Telmessos; Livy (37.22), relating
its liberation from siege by Antiochos III in 190 B.C., calls it a fortress of
the Peraea. It is listed also by Pliny, Ptolemy, and Stephanos Byzantios. It stood
on the border of Lycia and Caria, and is attributed now to one, now to the other.
A dedication in Doric by a Rhodian official, stated to have come from Inlice,
shows that this region must have been incorporated Rhodian territory in the 2d
c. B.C. There is naturally no coinage, nor does the ethnic or demotic occur in
any inscription.
On the main acropolis hill is a ring wall of good ashlar, and inside
this a small fort and a circular cistern, also house foundations and rock-cuttings.
On a ridge lower down to the E is a wall of large irregular blocks. There are
several Lycian rock-tombs, a few sarcophagi, and many pigeon-hole tombs cut in
the rock face, mostly inaccessible. Beside the main Fethiye road below the site
is a fine Doric rock-cut temple tomb.
G. E. Bean, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
KADYANDA (Ancient city) TURKEY
About 19 km NE of Fethiye (Makri). Of the ancient authorities only
Pliny (HN 5.101) mentions the city, but the name is evidently of high antiquity,
and the monuments and inscriptions go back to the 5th c. B.C. The Lycian name
was Kadawanti. Despite the city's obscurity the ruins are quite impressive though
of comparatively late date. The site is on a steep mountain over 900 m above sea
level and 300 m above the village. It was defended by a ring wall which survives
chiefly on the S side. In the city center is an open space 9 m wide, running straight
for over 90 m, with six rows of seats on one side; this is recognized as a stadium
from the numerous agonistic inscriptions found in it; two local athletic festivals
are mentioned in these and other inscriptions. Adjoining this on the S is a building
identified by an inscription lying close by as the baths built by Vespasian, and
on the N a Doric temple badly ruined. Farther to the S is a stoa some 100 m in
length, which may have been part of the gymnasium mentioned in an inscription,
and at the S end of the site is a small but attractive theater, facing S, with
18 rows of seats. The masonry is mostly Roman, and the cavea forms an exact semicircle;
but some of the masonry seems older, and the stage building is largely of polygonal
work.
Tombs are very numerous. Many close to the city have the vaulted form
characteristic of Olympos in E Lycia, but not of Lycia as a whole. Of the others,
three in particular are remarkable. Two of these are at the foot of the mountain
about 1.6 km E and SE respectively from Uzumlu. The first is a pillar tomb of
Lycian type, as at Xanthos and elsewhere; the grave chamber at the top is lacking.
It carries an inscription in Lycian, now badly weathered and largely illegible.
The second is a tomb of house type hewn entirely from an outcrop of rock and standing
free on all four sides. All sides except the back carry reliefs, in which the
figures are accompanied by their names in Lycian and Greek; on the flat roof is
a broken sarcophagus, also decorated with reliefs. The third tomb is on the slope
of the mountain towards Uzumlu it too is cut solidly out of a huge boulder, now
tilted over, and has reliefs on the long sides. These tombs are dated to about
400 B.C. or a little earlier.
G. E. Bean, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
PINARA (Ancient city) TURKEY
About 17 km N-NW of Xanthos. The site is proved by inscriptions and
by the evident survival of the name, of which the old Lycian form was Pinale.
According to Menekrates of Xanthos (ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. Artymnesos) the name
means "round," with reference apparently to the rounded shape of the
precipitous hill on which the city originally stood. A dozen inscriptions in the
Lycian language have been found on the site. Pinara has no recorded history apart
from Menekrates' assertion that it was founded by colonists from Xanthos, and
Arrian's statement that it surrendered quietly to Alexander. In the Lycian League
Pinara was one of the six-vote cities, and issued coins in the 2d-1st c. B.C.;
no imperial coinage, however, is known. Bishops of Pinara are recorded down to
the end of the 9th c.
The principal ruins lie in and around a small valley at the E foot
of a hill over 450 m high, whose precipitous face is honeycombed with the openings
of hundreds of tombs, quite inaccessible without tackle. The only approach was
barred by a triple wall of massive masonry. On the flat but gently sloping summit
nothing survives beyond some rock-cuttings, a few cisterns, and the remains of
a fortified citadel at the highest point.
In the lower town, which was never walled, a much smaller hill forms
a second acropolis, covered with the ruins of buildings now much overgrown; among
these, on the W side, is a small theater or odeum in poor condition. To the NE
of this, in the W face of another small hill, is the principal theater, in excellent
preservation but also badly overgrown. Its plan is purely Greek and seems never
to have been modified in Roman times; it has 27 rows of seats and 10 stairways;
there is no diazoma. The stage building stands to a height of 2 to 4 m, with two
of its doors complete, one leading from the parodos to the stage. The agora appears
to have been situated to the N of the lower acropolis; here are the ruins of a
temple and a large foundation.
Lycian rock tombs are numerous. Among them the largest and most remarkable
is the so-called Royal Tomb, a tomb of house type with a porch and an inner grave
chamber. The galls of the porch carry reliefs showing four Lycian cities (real
or imaginary) within whose battlements houses and tombs are visible. Another tomb
has a facade resembling the end of a "Gothic" sarcophagus, adorned at
the summit with a pair of ox's horns.
G. E. Bean, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
SIDYMA (Ancient city) TURKEY
About 14 km NW of Xanthos, high up on Mt. Cragus. First mentioned
in the 1st c. B.C. (by Alexander Polyhistor). No Lycian inscription has been found
there; and the extant remains are of the Roman period. The name, however, appears
ancient, and there are some indications of an earlier city on the site. The ruins
lie in a valley at the foot of a steep hill, at whose base is a stretch of "cyclopean"
wall containing a gate; this appears to have defended a city on the hill, though
the summit now carries nothing beyond the remnants of a Byzantine fortification.
The known coinage seems to be confined to a single specimen of League type (2d-1st
c. B.C.). The city flourished in a modest way under the Empire, but was never
important. It is related that when the emperor Marcian, then still only a simple
soldier, was at Sidyma, a portent revealed his future elevation to the purple.
Later, the bishop of Sidyma ranked tenth under the metropolitan of Myra.
The ruins include a number of buildings of good Roman work, among
them a small Temple of the Augusti and a columned stoa, but none stands to any
considerable height. The theater mentioned by Fellows is now in wretched condition.
The inscriptions record a gymnasium and baths, but these have not been identified.
Nothing is known of games at Sidyma, nor does the city possess a stadium. Tombs
are numerous, including "Gothic" sarcophagi, temple tombs and other
built tombs, and some plain rock-cut chamber tombs. The more impressive Lycian
rock tombs familiar on other sites are totally lacking.
The port of Sidyma, named apparently Calabatia, lay on the coast to
the W at the foot of a steep valley which seems to be that called by Strabo (665)
"the valley Chimaira," associated with the legend of Bellerophon.
O. E. Bean, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
TELMISSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Its origin is uncertain; although five inscriptions in the Lycian
language and script have been found there, the city was not always, especially
in early times, reckoned a part of Lycia. In the Athenian tribute lists in the
5th c., Telmessos and the Lycians are listed separately; in the mid 4th c. the
Lycians under their dynast Perikles fought against the Telmessians and apparently
brought them into Lycia, for pseudo-Skylax reckons Telmessos as Lycian. After
Magnesia in 189 B.C. by the treaty of Apamea, Telmessos was given neither to Eumenes
nor, with the rest of Lycia, to the Rhodians. It remained in the hands of a certain
Ptolemy son of Lysimachos, who had received it as a gift from Ptolemy III in 240
B.C. After 168 B.C., on the other hand, it is clear from the coins that Telmessos
was a normal member of the Lycian League, and remained so thereafter.
In 334 B.C. the city submitted peaceably to Alexander by agreement;
not long afterwards, however, his officer Nearchos the Cretan was obliged to capture
the city from a certain Antipatrides, which he did by means of a stratagem (Polyaenus,
Strat. 5.35). In the Lycian League, Telmessos was not among the six cities of
the first or three-vote class; under the Empire, however, it had the rank of metropolis
of Lycia. In Byzantine times its bishop ranked second under the metropolitan of
Myra. The name seems to have been changed for a while to Anastasiupolis, and from
the 9th c. to Makri. Coins were perhaps struck at Telmessos under the dynasts
in the 5th c.; the later coinage is not abundant, and ceases altogether under
the Empire.
There is some evidence that divination was practiced at Telmessos
(Suidas s.v.), but most of the numerous references to Telmessian seers relate
rather to the Carian city of the same name.
The surviving monuments are today confined to the tombs. The acropolis
hill, steep and rocky, carries only a mediaeval castle, and of the two theaters,
one of which was described by Spratt in 1842 as "very perfect," nothing
now remains. The tombs are numerous and of various ages; two in particular are
remarkable. The first of these is cut in the hillside just outside the town on
the E, and is identified by its inscription as the tomb of one Amyntas; it has
the form of an Ionic temple with pediment and acroteria. Other similar tombs are
to be seen close by. The second, which stands in the town, is a superb example
of a Lycian sarcophagus, ornamented with reliefs on the crest and sides of the
lid.
G. E. Bean, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
TERMISSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Site in Lycia, just below that of Oinoanda. Founded as a colony of
Termessos Major, apparently during the 3d c. B.C., and presumably with the agreement
of the Oinoandans. It is mentioned only by Stephanos Byzantios (who assigns it
to Pisidia) and Eustathius; Strabo (631) confuses it with Termessos Major. The
site consists of two low mounds, virtually defenseless, between which the present
road runs. There are considerable quantities of ancient stones, including some
well-cut blocks, but no buildings are standing. The inscriptions of the city,
in which it is called Termessos by Oinoanda, were normally erected in Oinoanda,
and it seems that under the Empire, if not earlier, Termessos Minor must have
been in effect absorbed into that city. It had its own constitution and magistrates,
however, and struck its own coins, and a long inscription has recently been found
at Kemerarasi containing a letter, as yet unpublished, of Hadrian addressed to
the People.
G. E. Bean, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
TLOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Near the village of Dilver, 24 km N of Xanthos on the E side of the
Xanthos river. One of the six cities possessing three votes in the Lycian League;
the name appears in the Lycian language as Tlava or Tlave, and eight or ten Lycian
inscriptions have been found on the site. Panyassis mentions Tlous as one of the
sons of Tremiles, Termilae (Tremili) being the name by which the Lycians called
themselves. At an uncertain date in the 2d c. B.C. a certain Eudemus attempted
to establish a tyranny at Tlos, but was suppressed by the forces of the League.
Otherwise the city has no recorded history. The citizens were divided into demes,
named mostly after local heroes, Bellerophon, Iobates, Sarpedon. Coinage, of League
types, begins after 168 B.C.; imperial coinage, as elsewhere in Lycia, is confined
to Gordian III.
The ruins consist chiefly of a theater and tombs. The theater, outside
the city on the E, is of very fine Roman work excellently preserved, but at present
badly overgrown. It is large and purely of Roman type, standing on almost level
ground with a surrounding wall of masonry; the cavea is an exact semicircle, except
that the ends of the retaining wall are straight for a few meters. Much of the
stage building survives. Numerous Lycian rock tombs, of house and temple types,
are cut in the N and E faces of the hill on which the city stands; the most remarkable
is a temple tomb carrying a number of reliefs, one of which represents Bellerophon
on Pegasos.
G. E. Bean, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
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