Listed 98 sub titles with search on: Information about the place for wider area of: "NETHERLANDS Country EUROPE" .
TEXEL (Island) NETHERLANDS
ALPHEN AAN DE RIJN (Town) NETHERLANDS
AMSTELVEEN (Town) NETHERLANDS
TIEL (Town) NETHERLANDS
MAASTRICHT (Town) NETHERLANDS
UTRECHT (Town) NETHERLANDS
ARENTSBURG (Town) NETHERLANDS
Forum Hadriani (Arentsburg) S Holland, Netherlands.
Country seat in the village of Voorburg, near The Hague, where Roman remains have
been found since the 16th c.: foundations, mosaic floors, tiles, pottery, glass,
jewelry, coins, and bronze and iron objects of all kinds. The site was first identified
with Forum Hadriani of the Peutinger Table, after the discovery of a heavy wall
and some stone buildings.
Later several gates were identified, and the W wall found to be ca.
400 m long, the N wall ca. 200. The E side could not be located and to the S a
wall never existed, as the W wall ended on the banks of the Vliet canal, which
was probably the Roman Fossa Corbulonis (Tac. Ann. 11.20; Cass. Dio 60.30.6).
Inside the walls traces of wooden buildings were interpreted as barracks, and
this time the complex was thought to be an auxiliary fort and a base of the Classis
Germanica identified with Praetorium Agrippinae of the Peutinger Table. This is
incompatible, however, with the distances given by the Peutinger Table and the
Antonine Itinerary (368.3ff) on the N road between Lugduno and Noviomagi. Moreover,
the so-called barracks do not resemble ground plans known elsewhere, the walls
and buildings are differently oriented, and the dimensions far too large for an
auxiliary fort. The military character of Arentsburg is not proved by the tiles
with military stamps, nor do the tiles with the stamp C(lassis) G(ermanica) P(ia)
F(idelis) prove that it was a base for the fleet. Furthermore, few military objects
have been found. The first identification was correct.
Arentsburg is the most important Roman site in W Holland and the only
one where nonmilitary inscriptions have been discovered (CIL XIII, 8807-8). Pottery
from the site indicates that some kind of settlement (of the Cananefates) existed
in the first half of the 1st c. It was enlarged considerably after the Batavian
revolt of 69-70, especially under Domitian, and became the capital of the civitas
Cananefatum. The first stone buildings were probably erected in 120-60. Hadrian
gave it the ius nundinarum in 120 or 121, after which it was called Forum Hadriani.
Before 162 it was made a municipium, probably by Marcus Aurelius, and the settlement
lasted until 260-70. It was perhaps reoccupied for some time a little later, as
suggested by coins of Gallienus, Postumus, Claudius II, Constantine, Constantius
II, and some late Roman fibulas. The finds are in the Rijksmuseum voor Oudheden
in Leiden.
B.H. Stolte, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
HEERLEN (Town) NETHERLANDS
Coriovallum (Heerlen) S Limburg, Netherlands.
Cortovallio in the Peutinger Table, Coriovallo in the Antonine Itinerary (375.7;
478.6). The town lay at the crossing of two Roman roads: Cologne to Boulogne,
and Xanten to Treves via Heerlen and Aix-la-Chapelle. Scores of pottery kilns
have been found, indicating that it was a center of the coarse-ware industry,
and some of the inhabitants must have been wealthy, judging by the contents of
graves discovered here. Excavations have revealed the remains of a bath (ca. 40
x 50 m), several houses, Roman roads, and the ditches of a late Roman fort.
The bath was built ca. A.D. 50 and altered in the 3d c., probably
because the heating system did not function properly. An inscription discovered
on the site, attests a restoration ca. A.D. 250 by M. Sattonius lucundus (cf.
CIL VIII, 2634), a decurio of Colonia Ulpia Traiana (Xanten). In the first half
of the 4th c. the bath was at least partly destroyed, and the site was incorporated
into the fort by shifting the ditch to the N. The fort lasted until the beginning
of the 5th c.; coins and pottery of the 4th c. have often been found. The older
finds are in the Leiden and Maastricht museums, the newer ones in the municipal
museum at Heerlen.
B.H. Stolte, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
NIJMEGEN (Town) NETHERLANDS
Noviomagus Batavorum (Nijmegen) Gelderland, Netherlands.
On the S bank of the Waal and so outside the Insula Batavorum, but still the chief
town of the Civitas Batavorum, which included a strip of land on the S bank. The
name occurs only on the Peutinger Table; other names, perhaps earlier, are Oppidum
Batavorum, Batavodurum (Tac.).
Roman occupation began in 12-9 B.C. when Nero Claudius Drusus used
the area as a base for further conquest of Germania, and dug the canal called
the Fossa Drusiana. The building of a legionary camp was started E of the modern
town soon afterwards, but apparently it was never finished and from the scarcity
of finds never occupied. In the Hunerpark W of this camp was a civil settlement,
and to the E was the settlement identified as the Oppidum Batavorum. It is not
certain whether the latter was contemporaneous with the surrounding rampart. The
two settlements were destroyed in A.D. 70, during the revolt of Iulius Civilis.
They were not rebuilt, but between the two, on the unfinished Augustan site, a
new legionary camp was built, presumably at first for the Legio II Adiutrix but
occupied about A.D. 71 by the Legio X Gemina. Both legions had contributed to
the suppression of the Civilis revolt. Legio II crossed to England with Cerialis
in A.D. 71. It is only from Tacitus that we know of its stay at Batavodurum in
70: no remains of this legion have been found at Nijmegen, but it probably began
the rebuilding of the camp, later completed by Legio X.
The first wooden buildings were replaced later by stone ones. Inscriptions
indicate that a vexillatio of Legio X Gemina quarried tufa in the Brohltal and
another cut limestone from the Norroy quarries. Building activities continued
until ca. A.D. 104, when the legion departed for the Danube. The camp was then
guarded by the Vexillatio Brittannica, then for a short time by the remains of
the Legio IX Hispana, and after A.D. 120 by a vexillatio of the Legio XXX Ulpia
Victrix. It was abandoned ca. A.D. 175. The remains (ca. 688 x 429 m) consist
of ditches from the three periods (Augustan, early and late Flavian) with ramparts
of earth and wood and traces of wooden buildings of the first two periods within
the ramparts; in the third period both wall and buildings were of stone. The Principia,
during the late Flavian period, was a complex (94 x 66 m) with an atrium (48 x
38 m), a basilica (48 x 23 m), and a sacellum; it belonged to the type known as
Forum with Basilica.
Three of the four gates have been excavated. Other buildings include
officers' houses, barracks, and some mercantile structures, but the remains of
the stone buildings consist only of clay and rubble packing, the bottom layer
of the foundations. The rest was removed in mediaeval times. Tile and pottery
were made in the legionary works at the Holdeurn, some 6 km SE of Nijmegen, from
ca. A.D. 70-270. During the stay of Legio X new civil quarters were built W of
the modern town, which were inhabited until ca. A.D. 270. Perhaps this was the
Noviomagus to which Trajan added his family name of Ulpia ca. 104, in connection
with his military reorganization. Traces of this Ulpia Noviomagus include a Gallo-Roman
temple complex, where many objects were found during the 17th c.
About A.D. 270 Frankish tribes broke through the frontiers, ransacked
the area and settled in Brabant and the Insula Batavorum, but in the late 3d c.
and throughout the 4th the site was controlled by the central power in Rome, and
was fortified. The population in this period moved to the higher Hunerpark and
down to the bank of the Waal. Some few traces of early Christianization have been
found. Cemeteries from all habitation periods are known; cremation was used in
the 1st-3d c. and inhumation in the 4th. Objects from these tombs are in the Rijksmuseum
G. M. Kam.
The foundations of a Roman villa of the 2d-3d c. have been found near
Overasselt, ca. 9 km S-SW of Nijmegen, and a few 4th c. potsherds may indicate
a brief occupation in that period. Another villa near Mook, on a site called Plasmolen
ca. 12 km S-SE of Nijmegen, was also inhabited during the 2d and 3d c. A few tile
stamps of the Legio X Gemina indicate that building material was taken from the
stores of that legion; perhaps the house was the residence of an officer. Both
villas are a short distance from the Meuse.
H. Brunsting, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
UTRECHT (Town) NETHERLANDS
Traiectum (Utrecht) Netherlands.
One of the forts in the Limes Germanicus Inferior was in the center of the Utrecht
(It. Ant. 368). In A.D. 47 Claudius made the Rhine below Bonna the frontier of
the empire; the legions beyond the river were retired and the line fortified.
In the Netherlands, where there were three or more branches of the river, the
military authorities chose the one that Pliny (HN 4.101) called a modicus alveus,
which kept the name of Old or Crooked Rhine. The fort was rebuilt in 818 after
devastation by the Vikings. A mediaeval town grew up around it which became an
episcopal see.
Remains of the fort of A.D. 47 have been found 3.8 m below the cathedral
square. It was rebuilt four times, and each time fill was brought in to reach
a higher level, from ca. 1.5 to 3 m + NAP Dutch Datum Level = sea level. In periods
I-IV it was built of wood with ramparts of earth and wood (110 x 130 m), but in
period v it was rebuilt in stone (125 x 150 m); in all periods the fort was surrounded
by a ditch (fossa fastigata). Periods I-II: 47-69; III-IV: 70 to end of 2d c.;
v: end of 2d c. to middle of 3d. Two of the four gates have been found, the porta
principalis dextra and the porta decumana; the stone gates of period v were flanked
by towers with semicircular bastions on the outside. Some remains of the barracks
of successive periods have come to light, but the principia has been completely
excavated; in all periods it was a building ca. 27 x 27 m, with an atrium, a cross
hall, and a series of five rooms. The middle room was the sacellum, or shrine
of the standards, and in period v it had a stone altar. The foundations of an
altar were found also in the center of the atrium.
The destruction caused by the revolt of Iulius Civilis in A.D. 69-70
is indicated by a heavy burnt layer, dated by a treasure of 50 aurei (the two
latest coins were struck in 68). The fort seems to have been destroyed some decades
before the invasion of the Franci in A.D. 270; some sherds of 4th c. pottery perhaps
show some patrol activity by the Roman army, but the limes forts were not reconstructed.
The finds are in the Central Museum.
H. Brunsting, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
VOORBURG (Town) NETHERLANDS
Forum Hadriani (Arentsburg) S Holland, Netherlands.
Country seat in the village of Voorburg, near The Hague, where Roman remains have
been found since the 16th c.: foundations, mosaic floors, tiles, pottery, glass,
jewelry, coins, and bronze and iron objects of all kinds. The site was first identified
with Forum Hadriani of the Peutinger Table, after the discovery of a heavy wall
and some stone buildings.
Later several gates were identified, and the W wall found to be ca.
400 m long, the N wall ca. 200. The E side could not be located and to the S a
wall never existed, as the W wall ended on the banks of the Vliet canal, which
was probably the Roman Fossa Corbulonis (Tac. Ann. 11.20; Cass. Dio 60.30.6).
Inside the walls traces of wooden buildings were interpreted as barracks, and
this time the complex was thought to be an auxiliary fort and a base of the Classis
Germanica identified with Praetorium Agrippinae of the Peutinger Table. This is
incompatible, however, with the distances given by the Peutinger Table and the
Antonine Itinerary (368.3ff) on the N road between Lugduno and Noviomagi. Moreover,
the so-called barracks do not resemble ground plans known elsewhere, the walls
and buildings are differently oriented, and the dimensions far too large for an
auxiliary fort. The military character of Arentsburg is not proved by the tiles
with military stamps, nor do the tiles with the stamp C(lassis) G(ermanica) P(ia)
F(idelis) prove that it was a base for the fleet. Furthermore, few military objects
have been found. The first identification was correct.
Arentsburg is the most important Roman site in W Holland and the only
one where nonmilitary inscriptions have been discovered (CIL XIII, 8807-8). Pottery
from the site indicates that some kind of settlement (of the Cananefates) existed
in the first half of the 1st c. It was enlarged considerably after the Batavian
revolt of 69-70, especially under Domitian, and became the capital of the civitas
Cananefatum. The first stone buildings were probably erected in 120-60. Hadrian
gave it the ius nundinarum in 120 or 121, after which it was called Forum Hadriani.
Before 162 it was made a municipium, probably by Marcus Aurelius, and the settlement
lasted until 260-70. It was perhaps reoccupied for some time a little later, as
suggested by coins of Gallienus, Postumus, Claudius II, Constantine, Constantius
II, and some late Roman fibulas. The finds are in the Rijksmuseum voor Oudheden
in Leiden.
B.H. Stolte, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ZWAMMERDAM (Town) SOUTH HOLLAND
Nigrumpullum (Zwammerdam) S Holland, Netherlands.
Roman castellum on the Old Rhine ca. 20 km E of Leiden. Three periods are to be
distinguished in its development. Little remains of the oldest settlement, which
was built, judging from the pottery, in the middle of the 1st c. A.D. as part
of the reorganization of frontier defenses by Corbulo (Tac. Ann. 11.20). A thick
burnt layer, however, recalls its violent end during the rebellion of the Bataves
in A.D. 69 (Tac. Hist. 4.15).
In Flavian times the castellum was rebuilt (134.4 x 76.4 m); the wall,
portae principales, and two ditches have been found. The broad facade of this
fortress is striking. The material for bricks was supplied by Legio X stationed
at Nijmegen and Legio XXII Primigenia stationed at Xanten. In 2d c. repairs, however,
roof tiles produced by vexillarii of the army of Lower Germany were used. At this
time a civilian settlement developed to the SW; the houses lie on a road parallel
to the wall of the fort.
About A.D. 175 the castellum was rebuilt in stone (140.6 x 86 m).
Most of its roof tiles were made by the exercitus Germanicus inferior on the Holdeurn
near Nijmegen. A few pieces bear the names of the later emperor Didius Iulianus,
governor of Germania inferior ca. A.D. 178, and of the unknown consularis Iunius
Macr. Some time afterwards the principia was replaced by a stone building (42
x 27 m), distinguished from the standard type of headquarters by a facade with
columns. The stone wall of the fort, four gates, and three ditches have been found,
and the two main roads intersecting at right angles, the via principalis and the
via praetoria. Outside the fort are the foundations of a bath house (?).
On the N the castellum was protected by the Rhine, following a course
now silted up. Here several embankments were found, which appear to correspond
to the building phases of the fort. In part of the last embankments were six remarkably
well-preserved ships showing different types of boats evolved from the simple
dug-out canoe.
The garrison probably consisted of all or part of a cohors equitata.
The latest known coin dates from Severus Alexander or perhaps Tacitus (275-276),
and the pottery of the last period is very similar to that from Niederbieber (A.D.
190-260). A final date after the 2d quarter of the 3d c. therefore seems likely.
J.K. Haalebos, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
NETHERLANDS (Country) EUROPE
MAASTRICHT (Town) NETHERLANDS
UTRECHT (Town) NETHERLANDS
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