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AKADIMIA PLATONOS (City quarter) ATHENS
Academia, (Akademeia). A public garden or grove in the suburbs
of Athens, about six stadia from the city, named from Academus or Hecademus, who
left it to the citizens for gymnastics. It was surrounded with a wall by Hipparchus,
adorned with statues, temples, and sepulchres of illustrious men; planted with
olive and plane trees, and watered by the Cephissus. The olive-trees, according
to Athenian fables, were reared from layers taken from the sacred olive in the
Erechtheum, and afforded the oil given as a prize to victors at the Panathenaean
festival. Few retreats could be more favorable to philosophy and the Muses. Within
this enclosure Plato possessed, as part of his patrimony, a small garden, in which
he opened a school for the reception of those inclined to attend his instructions.
Hence arose the Academic sect, and hence the term Academy has descended to our
times. The appellation Academia is frequently used in philosophical writings,
especially in Cicero, as indicative of the Academic sect. Sextus Empiricus enumerates
five divisions of the followers of Plato. He makes Plato founder of the first
Academy, Arcesilaus of the second, Carneades of the third, Philo and Charmides
of the fourth, Antiochus of the fifth. Cicero recognizes only two Academies, the
Old and New, and makes the latter commence as above with Arcesilaus. In enumerating
those of the Old Academy, he begins, not with Plato, but Democritus, and gives
them in the following order: Democritus, Anaxagoras, Empedocles, Parmenides, Xenophanes,
Socrates, Plato, Speusippus, Xenocrates, Polemo, Crates, and Crantor. In the New,
or Younger, he mentions Arcesilaus, Lacydes, Evander, Hegesinus, Carneades, Clitomachus,
and Philo. If we follow the distinction laid down by Diogenes, and alluded to
above, the Old Academy will consist of those followers of Plato who taught the
doctrine of their master without mixture or corruption; the Middle will embrace
those who, by certain innovations in the manner of philosophizing, in some measure
receded from the Platonic system without entirely deserting it; while the New
will begin with those who relinquished the more obnoxious tenets of Arcesilaus,
and restored, in some measure, the declining reputation of the Platonic school.
This text is cited Nov 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
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