Listed 1 sub titles with search on: Biographies for wider area of: "CATANZARO Town CALABRIA" .
SKYLAKION (Ancient city) CALABRIA
Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius, or Cassiodorius. The MSS. vary between these two
forms of the name, although the former has been generally adopted, was born about
A. D. 468, at Scylaceum (Squillace), in the country of the Bruttii, of an ancient,
honourable, and wealthy Roman family. His father was at one period secretary to
Valentinian the Third, but retired from public life upon the death of that prince
and the extinction of the Western Empire. Young Cassiodorus was soon discovered
to be a boy of high promise, and his talents were cultivated with anxious assiduity
and care. At a very early age his genius, accomplishments, and multifarious learning,
attracted the attention and commanded the respect of the first barbarian king
of Italy, by whom he was chosen Comes rerum privatarum and eventually Comes sacrarum
largitionum, an appointment which placed him at the head of financial affairs.
But when Odoacer after a succession of defeats was shut up in Ravenna by Theodoric,
Cassiodorus withdrew to his estates in the south, and hastened to recommend himself
to the conqueror by persuading his countrymen and the Sicilians to submit without
resistance. Hence, after the murder of his former patron, he was received with
the greatest distinction by the new sovereign, was nominated to all the highest
offices of state in succession, and under a variety of different titles (for the
parade and formality of the old court were studiously maintained), regulated for
a long series of years the administration of the Ostrogothic power with singular
ability, discretion, and success, possessing at once the full confidence of his
master and the affection of the people. Perceiving, however, that Theodoric, enfeebled
by age, was beginning to yield to the selfish suggestions of evil counsellors
and to indulge in cruelty towards his Italian subjects, Cassiodorus wisely resolved
to seek shelter from the approaching storm, and, resigning all his honours, betook
himself to the country in 524, thus avoiding the wretched fate of Boethius and
Symmachus. Recalled after the death of Theodoric, he resumed his position, and
continued to discharge the duties of chief minister under Amalasontha, Athalaric,
Theodatus, and Vitiges, exerting all his energies to prop their tottering dominion.
But when the triumph of Belisarius and the downfall of the Ostrogoths was no longer
doubtful, being now 70 years old, he once more retired to his native province,
and having founded the monastery of Viviers (Coenobium Vivarienses. Castellense),
passed the remainder of his life, which was prolonged until he had nearly completed
a century, in the seclusion of the cloister. Here his activity of mind was no
less conspicuous than when engaged in the stirring business of the world, and
his efforts were directed towards the accomplishment of designs not less important.
The great object which he kept steadily in view and prosecuted with infinite labour
and unflagging zeal, was to elevate the standard of education among ecclesiastics
by inducing them to study the models of classical antiquity, and to extend their
knowledge of general literature and science. To accomplish this he formed a library,
disbursed large sums in the purchase of MSS., encouraged the monks to copy these
with care, and devoted a great portion of his time to labour of this description
and to the composition of elementary treatises on history, metaphysics, the seven
liberal arts, and divinity, which have rendered him not less celebrated as an
author and a man of learning than as a politician and a statesman. The leisure
hours which remained he is said to have employed in the construction of philosophical
toys, such as sun-dials, water-clocks, everlasting lamps, and the like. The benefit
derived from his precepts and example was by no means confined to the establishment
over which he presided, nor to the epoch when he flourished. The same system,
the advantages of which were soon perceived and appreciated, was gradually introduced
into similar institutions, the transcription of ancient works became one of the
regular and stated occupations of the monastic life, and thus, in all probability,
we are indirectly indebted to Cassiodorus for the preservation of a large proportion
of the most precious relics of ancient genius. The following is a list of all
the writings of Cassiodorus with which we are acquainted:
1. "Variarum (Epistolarum) Libri XII.", an assemblage of state papers
drawn up by Cassiodorus in accordance with the instructions of the sovereigns
whom he served. In the first ten books the author always speaks in the person
of the ruler for the time being; in the last two, in his own. The first five contain
the ordinances of Theodoric, the sixth and seventh regulations (formulae) with
regard to the chief offices of the kingdom, the eighth, ninth, and tenth, the
decrees promulgated by the immediate successors of Theodoric, the eleventh and
twelfth the edicts published by Cassiodorus himself during the years 534-538,
when praefect of the praetorium. This collection is of the greatest historical
importance, being our chief and most trustworthy source of information in regard
to everything connected with the constitution and internal discipline of the Ostrogothic
dominion in Italy. We must not, however, expect to find much that is attractive
or worthy of imitation in the style of these documents. While we cannot help admiring
the ingenuity displayed in the selection and combination of phrases, moulded for
the most part into neat but most artificial forms, and polished with patient toil,
we at the same time feel heartily wearied and disgusted by the sustained affectation
and declamatory glitter which disfigure every page. The language is full of strange
and foreign words, and little attention is paid to the delicacies of syntax, but
Funccius is too harsh when he designates it as a mere mass of Gothic solecisms.
Perhaps the best description which can be given of the general effect produced
upon the reader by these compositions is contained in the happy expression of
Tiraboschi, who characterises the diction of Cassiodorus as "barbara eleganza".
The Editio Princeps of the "Variarum" was printed under
the inspection of Accursius by Henr. Sileceus, at Augsburg, in the month of May
1533, the disquisition "De Anima" being included in the same volume.
2. "Chronicon", a dull, pompous, clumsy summary of Universal History,
extending from the creation of the world down to A. D. 519, derived chiefly from
Eusebius, Hieronymus, Prosper, and other authorities still accessible. It was
drawn up in obedience to the orders of Theodoric, and by no means deserves the
respect with which it was regarded in the middle ages, since it is carelessly
compiled and full of mistakes.
3. "Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae ex tribus Graecis Scriptoribus,
Sozomeno, Socrate, ac Theodoreto ab Epiphanio Scholastico Versis, per Cassiodorum
Senatorem in Epitomen redactae Libri XII". The origin of this work is sufficiently
explained by the title. It contains a complete survey of ecclesiastical history
from Constantine down to the younger Theodosius. This, like the Chronicon, is
of little value in the present day, since the authorities from which it is taken
are still extant, and are infinitely superior both in matter and manner to the
epitomizer. Prefixed we have an introduction, in which Cassiodorus gives full
scope to his taste for inflated grandiloquence. The editio princeps of the Ecclesiastical
History was printed by Johannes Schussler, at Augsburg, 1472.
4. "Computus Paschalis sive de Indictionibus, Cyclis Solis et Lunae",
&c., containing the calculations necessary for the correct determination of
Easter. This treatise belongs to the date 562, and this is the latest year in
which we can prove the author to have been alive.
5. "De Orthographia Liber", compiled by Cassiodorus when 93 years old
from the works of nine ancient grammarians -Agnaeus Cornutus, Velius Longus, Curtius
Valerianus, Papirianus, Adamantius Martyrius, Eutyches, Caesellius, Lucius Caecilius
Vindex, and Priscianus, in addition to whom we find quotations from Varro, Donatus,
and Phocas.
6. "De Arte Grammatica ad Donati Mentem", of which a fragment only has
been preserved. This tract, together with the preceding, will be found in the
"Grammaticae Latini Auctores an tiqui" of Putschius, Hanov. 1605.
7. " De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Lite rarum", in two books,
a compilation from the best authorities, much esteemed and studied during the
middle ages. It contains a compendium of the seven liberal arts which were at
one time supposed to embrace the whole circuit of human knowledge -Grammar, Rhetoric,
Dialectics, Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music.
8. "De Anima", on the name, origin, nature, qualities, abode, and future
existence of the soul, together with speculations upon other topics connected
with the same subject.
9. "De Institutione Divinarum Literarum", an introduction to the profitable
reading of the Holy Scriptures, intended for the use of the monks. This is perhaps
the most pleasing of all our author's works. His profound and varied knowledge
is here displayed to the best advantage, his instructions are conveyed in more
plain and simple phraseology than he elsewhere employs, while a truly Christian
tone and spirit pervades the whole.
10. "Expositio in Psalmos sive Commenta Psalterii", extracted chiefly
from the "Enarrationes" of St. Augustin, although we gather from internal
evidence that the exegetical treatises of Hilarius, Ambrosius, Hieronymus, and
others upon the same subject, had been carefully consulted. As a matter of course
we detect in the copy the same features which distinguish the original, the same
love of overstrained allegorical interpretation, the same determination to wring
from the plainest and least ambiguous precepts some mystical and esoteric doctrine.
11. The "Expositio in Cantica Canticorum", although breathing a spirit
similar to the commentary just described, and set down in all MSS. as the production
of Cassiodorus, is throughout so different in style and language from all his
other dissertations, that its authenticity has with good reason been called in
question.
12. "Complexiones in Epistolas Apostolorum, in Acta et in Apocalypsim". Short
illustrations of the apostolic Epistles, the Acts, and Revelations, first brought
to light by Scipio Maffei, published by him at Florence from a Verona MS. in 1721,
and reprinted at London with the notes of Chandler in 1722, and at Rotterdam in
1723. These annotations are not considered by theologians of any particular value.
In addition to the above we frequently find two tracts included among the writings
of Cassiodorus, one a rhetorical essay entitled "De Schematibus et Tropis", and
the other "De Amicitia Liber". Of these the former is now generally ascribed to
the renerable Bede, while the latter is believed to have been composed by Petrus
Blesensis, archdeacon of London, an ecclesiastic of the twelfth century.
Among his lost works we may name: 1. "Libri XII De Rebus Gestis Gothorum",
known to us only through the abridgement of Jornandes; 2. "Liber Titulorums. Memorialis",
short abstracts, apparently, of chapters in holy writ; 3. "Expositio Epistolae
ad Romanos", in which the Pelagian heresy was attacked and confuted. The last
two, together with the " Complexiones" and several other treatises already mentioned,
are enumerated in the preface to the "De Orthographia Liber".
The first edition of the collected works of Cassiodorus is that published
at Paris in 1584, with the notes of Fornerius; the best and most complete is that
published by D. Garet at Rouen, 1679, and reprinted at Venice in 1729.
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Nov 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
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