Εμφανίζονται 13 τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Ιστορία για το τοπωνύμιο: "ΝΑΞΟΣ Νησί ΚΥΚΛΑΔΕΣ".
1. Μυθολογία
Η μυθολογία συνδέει τη Νάξο με τον Δία, (ο Δίας ο Μηλώσιος, προστάτης
των ποιμνίων, λατρευόταν στην Νάξο), τη Σέμελη και τον καρπό του δεσμού τους τον
Διόνυσο. Ο Διόνυσος, ο θεός του κρασιού, του κεφιού και του θεάτρου, ανατράφηκε
(όπως αναφέρεται σε Ομηρικό Ύμνο) από νύμφες σε μια σπηλιά, στα Ναξιακά βουνά,
περιόδευε στα δάση του νησιού, στολισμένος με κισσό και δάφνη, ακολουθούμενος
από τις νύμφες και λατρευόταν στο βουνό Κόρωνος. Αλλος μύθος συνδέει τη Νάξο με
την Αριάδνη, κόρη του Μίνωα που βοήθησε τον Θησέα να σκοτώσει τον Μινώταυρο. Ο
Θησέας εγκατέλειψε την Αριάδνη στη Νάξο, όπου αυτή παντρεύτηκε τον Διόνυσο. Το
στεφάνι του γάμου τους, το τοποθέτησε ο Διόνυσος ανάμεσα στα άστρα, σύμφωνα με
την "Θεογονία" του Ησιόδου.
2. Κάτοικοι
Το νησί κατοικήθηκε πριν από το 2000π.Χ. (πρωτοκυκλαδική περίοδος)
αρχικά από τους Θράκες και τους Πελασγούς και αργότερα από τους Κάρες. Τα τελευταία
χρόνια ανακαλύφθηκαν σε πολυάριθμα σημεία του νησιού θεμελιώσεις κατασκευών και
αγγεία της εποχής αυτής. Τρία από τα σημεία αυτά ανακαλύφθηκαν στην περιοχή της
Πόλης της Νάξου (Παλάτια, Γρόττα, Απλώματα). Αλλα ευρήματα στην περιοχή φανερώνουν
ότι η πόλη της Νάξου κατοικείται συνεχώς από την εποχή και μετά, επί 5.000 χρόνια,
και μπορεί να θεωρείται μία από τις πλέον παλιές πόλεις της Ελλάδας.
3. Μετανάστευση
Αμέσως μετά, άρχισε η μεγάλη Ιωνική μετανάστευση από την ηπειρωτική
Ελλάδα προς τα νησιά του Αιγαίου και της δυτικής ακτής της Ανατολίας (δημιουργία
της Ιωνίας). Τον 8ον αιώνα οι Ίωνες των νησιών είχαν δημιουργήσει το θρησκευτικό
τους κέντρο στη Δήλο. Οι Ναξιώτες και οι άλλοι νησιώτες συγκεντρώνονταν κάθε χρόνο
στη Δήλο, τιμώντας τον Απόλλωνα με τραγούδια και χορούς και διαγωνισμούς μουσικής,
ποίησης και αθλητισμού.
4. Ακμή
Η Νάξος ακμάζει στον 8ον,7ον και ιδιαίτερα 6ον αιώνα π.Χ. Το Νησί
κυριαρχεί στο εμπόριο και τη γλυπτική, όπως μαρτυρούν τα αφιερώματα των Ναξίων
στη Δήλο, η Σφίγγα των Ναξίων στους Δελφούς, ο Οίκος των Ναξίων στους Δελφούς,
ο Οίκος των Ναξίων στη Δήλο κ.α.
5. Προϊόντα
Η ευφορία του νησιού ήταν πασίγνωστη και γι' αυτό ο Όμηρος την ονομάζει
ως 'Δίαν' (θεϊκή), ενώ ο Πίνδαρος 'λιπαρά' (εύφορη). Ξακουστό ήταν το νησί για
τα αμύγδαλα, το μέλι αλλά κυρίως για το κρασί του. Τόσο πολύ όπως φαίνεται ήταν
διαδεδομένη η αμπελουργία και τόσο ονομαστά ήταν τα κρασιά της Νάξου, ώστε μερικοί
από τους συγγραφείς ανέφεραν ότι υπήρχε ποταμός στη Νάξο απ' όπου έρεε "άκρατος
ευώδης οίνος" και βρύση απ' όπου "οίνος ρει μάλα ηδύς". Ο Αθηναίος αναφέρει ότι
το νέκταρ δεν ήταν γλυκύτερο του Ναξιακού οίνου. Ομοίως, ο Αρχίλοχος ο Πάριος
παραβάλλει το κρασί της Νάξου με νέκταρ.
6. Γραπτή ιστορία- Κλασσική αρχαιότητα
Η Νάξος εμφανίζεται στην γραπτή ιστορία στα μέσα του 5ου αιώνα π.Χ.,
όπου σύμφωνα με τον Ηρόδοτο, έπαιζε ένα σημαντικό ρόλο στο ξέσπασμα των Περσικών
Πολέμων. Οι αριστοκράτες που κυβερνούσαν το νησί ανατράπηκαν το 546π.Χ. με την
βοήθεια των Αθηνών από τον τύραννο Λύγδαμη, επανήλθαν με την υποστήριξη της Σπάρτης
μετά από 20 χρόνια και ανατράπηκαν εκ νέου λίγα χρόνια μετά. Κατέφυγαν τότε για
βοήθεια στην Ιωνική πόλη της Μιλήτου, που κυβερνούσε ο Πέρσης σατράπης Αρισταγόρας.
Ο Αρισταγόρας ανάφερε το θέμα στον βασιλιά των Περσών Δαρείο, ο οποίος επιτέθηκε
στη Νάξο και πολιόρκησε τους οχυρωμένους κατοίκους της επί 4 μήνες, αλλά χωρίς
επιτυχία. Λίγο αργότερα οι Πέρσες νικήθηκαν στον Μαραθώνα και επέστρεψαν στην
Ασία αλλά συνέχισαν να κατέχουν τη Νάξο και άλλα νησιά. Παρά την κατοχή της Νάξου
από τους Πέρσες, τέσσερα ναξιακά πλοία ενώθηκαν με τον ελληνικό στόλο και διακρίθηκαν
στην ναυμαχία της Σαλαμίνας. Επίσης διακρίθηκαν και στην μάχη κατά των Περσών
το 479π.Χ. Η Νάξος στη συνέχεια συμμετείχε και στη Δηλιακή Συμμαχία υπό την ηγεμονία
των Αθηνών.
7. Ενετοκρατία- μέχρι σήμερα
Ένα καινούριο κεφάλαιο στην ιστορία της Νάξου άνοιξε στις αρχές του
13ου αιώνα, μετά την πτώση της Κωνσταντινούπολης όπου υπογράφτηκε συμφωνία των
Λατίνων με τους Βυζαντινούς, σύμφωνα με την οποία τα νησιά του Αιγαίου περιήλθαν
στην κυριαρχία των Βενετών και του Μάρκου Σανούδου. Ο Μάρκος Σανούδος επιτέθηκε
και νίκησε τη Νάξο, εγκαταστάθηκε στη Χώρα όπου χτίστηκε το δουκικό παλάτι στο
Κάστρο. Το Δουκάτο του Αρχιπελάγους, όπως ονομάστηκε, κυβερνιόταν από Βενετούς
και από τον Μάρκο Σανούδο. Αργότερα μετά την δολοφονία του τελευταίου Σανούδου
επικράτησε η Δυναστεία των Κρίσπι και το 1566 Δούκας της Νάξου ορίστηκε ο Πορτογαλοεβραίος
ισχυρός άντρας Ιωσήφ Νάζι. Μετά τον θάνατο του, το νησί τέθηκε στην άμεση κυριαρχία
της Αυλής του Σουλτάνου. Τέλος οι Ναξιώτες συμμετείχαν στην Επανάσταση και τον
Αγώνα του 1821 και η Νάξος υπήρξε τμήμα του σύγχρονου Ελληνικού Κράτους από την
πρώτη στιγμή της ίδρυσής του.
Πολιτισμός
Ο πολιτισμός της Νάξου την δεύτερη χιλιετία π.Χ. επιρεάστηκε βαθιά
από την Μινωική Κρήτη (Κρητική αποικία). Με την κατάρρευση του Μινωικού πολιτισμού
περί το 1.400π.Χ. οι Κυκλάδες περιέρχονται στην επιρροή της Μυκηναϊκής Ελλάδας,
η οποία με την σειρά της αποδυναμώθηκε τον 12ον αιώνα π.Χ.
Ένα κομμάτι του πολιτισμού της Νάξου αποτελούν τα παραδοσιακά υφαντά
και κεντήματα των γυναικών, τα οποία και απεικονίζουν σκηνές από την καθημερινή
ζωή αλλά και θέματα παρμένα από τη μυθολογία, τη θρησκεία κ.α. Μια τέχνη με αρκετή
κάμψη που συνεχίζεται όμως χάριν των συνεταιρισμών και των μεμονωμένων τεχνιτών
Κωμιακής, Απειράνθου , Κορώνου και Μονής. Γνήσιοι απόγονοι των αρχαίων κατοίκων
του νησιού, που ως γνωστό λάτρευαν το Θεό Απόλλωνα(θεό της μουσικής) και το Διόνυσο
(θεό της αμπέλου και του κεφιού), οι Ναξιώτες χρησιμοποίησαν το τραγούδι ως τρόπο
έκφρασης (χαρά, λύπη, νανούρισμα κλπ.), δημιουργώντας μια μοναδική ποικιλία στο
είδος του.
Είδη τραγουδιών :
-οι παραλογές, τα μοιρολόγια, τα λατρευτικά, τα νανουρίσματα,
-οι ρίμες, οι πατινάδες και τα κοτσάκια.
Τα τραγούδια μεταφέρονταν από γενιά σε γενιά με το στόμα. Αλλά και η εκμάθηση
των σκοπών στα μουσικά όργανα γίνονταν από τον παλιότερο οργανοπαίκτη στον νεώτερο.
Τα όργανα που συναντάμε στην Νάξο, κυρίως στην ορεινή, είναι το σουβλιάρι, η τσαμπούνα,
το ντουμπάκι, το βιολί, το λαούτο και το κλαρίνο. Οι οργανοπαίκτες ήταν και είναι
κυρίως κάτοικοι του Νησιού. Μαζί με το τραγούδι βέβαια ήρθαν και οι χοροί όπως
:
-ο συρτός, ο μπάλλος ή αντικρυστός, καλαματιανός κ.α.
Τέλος τμήμα του πολιτισμού αποτελεί και ο αθλητισμός. Αρκετούς μεγάλους αθλητές
έχει να παρουσιάσει η Νάξος.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Μάρτιο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του ΞΕΝΙΟΣ ΔΙΑΣ website, του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών
On the right of the pedestal are inscribed the cities which took part in the engagement: first the Lacedaemonians, after them the Athenians, third the Corinthians, fourth the Sicyonians, fifth the Aeginetans; after the Aeginetans, the Megarians and Epidaurians, of the Arcadians the people of Tegea and Orchomenus, after them the dwellers in Phlius, Troezen and Hermion, the Tirynthians from the Argolid, the Plataeans alone of the Boeotians, the Argives of Mycenae, the islanders of Ceos and Melos, Ambraciots of the Thesprotian mainland, the Tenians and the Lepreans, who were the only people from Triphylia, but from the Aegean and the Cyclades there came not only the Tenians but also the Naxians and Cythnians
This extract is from: Pausanias. Description of Greece (ed. W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., & H.A. Ormerod, 1918). Cited Mar 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.
The Naxians provided four ships. They had been sent by their fellow citizens to the Persians, like the rest of the islanders, but they disregarded their orders and came to the Hellenes at the urging of Democritus, an esteemed man among the townsmen and at that time captain of a trireme. The Naxians are Ionians descended from Athens.
This extract is from: Herodotus. The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley, 1920), Cambridge. Harvard University Press. Cited Mar 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.
With regard to the fighting of the land forces, such was the issue.
At sea about the same time occurred a great naval battle between Naxos and Paros,
of which the cause was as follows. Pollis, the admiral of the Lacedaemonians,
learning that a large shipment of grain was on its way to Athens in freighters,
lay in wait watching for the grain fleet as it put in to port, intending to attack
the freighters. The Athenian people, being informed of this, sent out a convoy
to guard the grain in transit, which in fact brought it safe to the Peiraeus.
Later Chabrias, the Athenian admiral, with the whole navy sailed to Naxos and
laid it under siege. Bringing his siege-engines to bear against the walls, when
he had shaken them, he then bent every effort to take the city by storm. While
these things were going on, Pollis, the admiral of the Lacedaemonians, sailed
into port to assist the Naxians. In eager rivalry both sides engaged in a sea-battle,
and forming in line of battle charged each other. Pollis had sixty-five triremes;
Chabrias eighty-three. As the ships bore down on one another, Pollis, leading
the right wing, was first to attack the opposing triremes on the left wing, which
Cedon the Athenian commanded. In a brilliant contest he slew Cedon himself and
sank his ship; and, in similar fashion engaging the other ships of Cedon and tearing
them open with the beaks of his ships, he destroyed some and others he forced
to flee. When Chabrias beheld what was happening, he dispatched a squadron of
the ships under his command and brought support to the men who were hard pressed
and so retrieved the defeat of his own side. He himself with the strongest part
of the fleet in a valiant struggle destroyed many triremes and took a large number
captive.
Although he had thus won the upper hand and forced all the enemies'
ships to flee, he abstained altogether from pursuit. For he recalled the battle
of Arginusae and that the assembly of the people, in return for the great service
performed by the victorious generals, condemned them to death on the charge that
they had failed to bury the men who had perished in the fight; consequently he
was afraid, since the circumstances were much the same, that he might run the
risk of a similar fate. Accordingly, refraining from pursuit, he gathered up the
bodies of his fellow citizens which were afloat, saved those who still lived,
and buried the dead. Had he not engaged in this task he would easily have destroyed
the whole enemy fleet. In the battle eighteen triremes on the Athenian side were
destroyed; on the Lacedaemonian twenty-four were destroyed and eight captured
with their crews. Chabrias then, having won a notable victory, sailed back laden
with spoils to the Peiraeus and met with an enthusiastic reception from his fellow
citizens. Since the Peloponnesian War this was the first naval battle the Athenians
had won. For they had not fought the battle of Cnidus with a fleet of their own,
but had got the use of the King's fleet and won a victory.
This extract is from: Diodorus Siculus, Library (ed. C. H. Oldfather, 1989). Cited Mar 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.
...Certain men of substance who had been banished by the common people, went in
exile to Miletus. Now it chanced that the deputy ruling Miletus was Aristagoras
son of Molpagoras, son-in-law and cousin of that Histiaeus son of Lysagoras whom
Darius kept with him at Susa. Histiaeus was tyrant of Miletus but was at Susa
when the Naxians, who had been his guests and friends, arrived. When the Naxians
came to Miletus, they asked Aristagoras if he could give them enough power to
return to their own country. Believing that he would become ruler of Naxos if
they were restored to their city with his help and using as a pretext their friendship
with Histiaeus, he made them this proposal: "I myself do not have the authority
to give you such power as will restore you against the will of the Naxians who
hold your city, for I know that the Naxians have eight thousand men that bear
shields, and many ships of war. Nevertheless, I will do everything I can to realize
your request. This is my plan. Artaphrenes is my friend, and he is not only Hystaspes'
son and brother to Darius the king but also governor of all the coastal peoples
of Asia. He accordingly has a great army and many ships at his disposal. This
man, then, will, I think, do whatever we desire." Hearing this, the Naxians
left the matter for Aristagoras to deal with as best he could, asking him to promise
gifts and the costs of the army, for which they themselves would pay since they
had great hope that when they should appear off Naxos, the Naxians would obey
all their commands. The rest of the islanders, they expected, would do likewise
since none of these Cycladic islands was as yet subject to Darius.
Aristagoras came to Sardis and told Artaphrenes that Naxos was indeed
an island of no great size, but that it was otherwise a beautiful and noble island
lying near Ionia. Furthermore it had a store of wealth and slaves. "Therefore
send an army against that country," he said, "and bring back the men
who have been banished from there. If you so do, I have a great sum of money at
your disposal, over and above the costs of the force, for it is only fair that
we, who bring you, should furnish that. Furthermore, you will win new dominions
for the king, Naxos itself and the islands which are its dependents, Paros, Andros,
and the rest of those that are called Cyclades. [3] Making these your starting
point, you will easily attack Euboea, which is a great and a wealthy island, no
smaller than Cyprus and very easy to take. A hundred ships suffice for the conquest
of all these." "This plan which you set forth," Artaphrenes answered,
"is profitable for the king's house, and all your advice is good except as
regards the number of the ships. Not one hundred but two hundred ships will be
ready for you when the spring comes. The king too, however, must himself consent
to this."
When Aristagoras heard that, he went away to Miletus in great joy.
Artaphrenes sent a messenger to Susa with the news of what Aristagoras said, and
when Darius himself too had consented to the plan, he equipped two hundred triremes
and a very great company of Persians and their allies in addition. For their general
he appointed Megabates, a Persian of the Achaemenid family, cousin to himself
and to Darius. This was he whose daughter (if indeed the tale is true) Pausanias
the Lacedaemonian, son of Cleombrotus, at a later day betrothed to himself, since
it was his wish to possess the sovereignty of Hellas. After appointing Megabates
general, Artaphrenes sent his army away to Aristagoras.
Then Megabates, bringing Aristagoras from Miletus, the Ionian army,
and the Naxians, pretended to be sailing to the Hellespont, but when he came to
Chios, he put in with his ships at Caucasa so that he might cross with a north
wind to Naxos. Since it was not fated that the Naxians were to be destroyed by
this force, the following things took place. As Megabates was making his rounds
among the ships' watches, it chanced that there was no watch on the ship of Myndus.
Megabates, very angry at this, ordered his guards to find the captain of this
ship, whose name was Scylax, and thrust him partly through an oar-hole of the
ship and bound him there so that his head was outside the ship and his body inside.
When Scylax had been bound, someone brought word to Aristagoras, that his Myndian
friend was bound and being disgracefully treated by Megabates. Aristagoras then
went and pleaded with the Persian for Scylax, but since he obtained nothing that
he requested, he went and released the man himself. When Megabates learned this,
he took it very badly and was angry at Aristagoras. Aristagoras, however, said,
"But you, what have you to do with these matters? Did not Artaphrenes send
you to obey me and to sail wherever I bid you? Why are you so meddlesome?"
This response on the part of Aristagoras enraged Megabates, who, went night fell,
sent men in a boat to Naxos to tell the Naxians of the trouble in store for them.
Now the Naxians had no suspicion at all that it was they who were
to be attacked by that force. However, when they learned the truth, they immediately
brought inside their walls all that was in their fields, stored both meat and
drink in case of a siege, and strengthened their walls. The Naxians, then, made
all preparations to face the onset of war. When their enemies had brought their
ships over from Chios to Naxos, it was a fortified city that they attacked, and
for four months they besieged it. When the Persians had exhausted all the money
with which they had come, and Aristagoras himself had spent much beside, they
built a stronghold for the banished Naxians, and went off to the mainland in poor
spirits since still more money was needed for the siege.
Aristagoras had no way of fulfilling his promise to Artaphrenes, and
he was hard-pressed by demands for the costs of the force. Furthermore he feared
what might come of the failure of the army and Megabates' displeasure against
him. It was likely, he thought, that his lordship of Miletus would be taken away
from him. With all these fears in his mind, he began to plan revolt, for it chanced
that at that very time there came from Susa Histiaeus' messenger, the man with
the marked head, signifying that Aristagoras should revolt from the king. Since
Histiaeus desired to give word to Aristagoras that he should revolt and had no
other safe way of doing so because the roads were guarded, he shaved and branded
the head of his most trustworthy slave. He waited till the hair had grown again,
and as soon as it was grown, he sent the man to Miletus with no other message
except that when he came to Miletus he must bid Aristagoras shave his hair and
examine his head. The writing branded on it signified revolt, as I have already
said. This Histiaeus did because he greatly disliked his detention at Susa and
fully expected to be sent away to the coast in the case that there should be a
revolt. If, however, Miletus remained at peace, he calculated that he would never
return there.
With this intent, then, Histiaeus sent his messenger, and it chanced
that all these things came upon Aristagoras at one and the same time. He accordingly
took counsel with the members of his faction, stating his own opinion as well
as the message which had come to him from Histiaeus. All the rest spoke their
minds to the same effect, favoring revolt, with the exception of Hecataeus the
historian who, listing all the nations subject to Darius and all his power, advised
them that they should not make war on the king of Persia. When, however, he failed
to persuade them, he counselled them that their next best plan was to make themselves
masters of the sea. This, he said, could only be accomplished in one way (Miletus,
he knew, was a city of no great wealth), namely if they took away from the temple
at Branchidae the treasure which Croesus the Lydian had dedicated there. With
this at their disposal, he fully expected them to gain the mastery of the sea.
They would then have the use of that treasure and their enemies would not be able
to plunder it. The treasure was very great, as I have shown in the beginning of
my account. This plan was not approved, and they resolved that they would revolt.
One out of their number was to sail to Myus, to the army which had left Naxos
and was there, and attempt to seize the generals who were aboard the ships.
Iatragoras, who had been sent for this very purpose, craftily seized
Oliatus of Mylasa son of Ibanollis; Histiaeus of Termera son of Tymnes; Coes son
of Erxandrus, to whom Darius gave Mytilene; Aristagoras of Cyme, son of Heraclides;
and many others besides. Then Aristagoras revolted openly, devising all he could
to harm Darius. First he made pretence of giving up his tyranny and gave Miletus
equality of government so that the Milesians might readily join in his revolt.
Then he proceeded to do the same things in the rest of Ionia. Some of the tyrants
he banished, and as for those tyrants whom he had taken out of the ships that
sailed with him against Naxos, he handed them each over to their respective cities,
which he wished to please…
This extract is from: Herodotus. The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley, 1920), Cambridge. Harvard University Press. Cited Mar 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.
Delos (when the island was apparently under the control of Naxos) served as the headquarters and religious center of an Ionian League.
...When these appointed generals on their way from the king reached the Aleian
plain in Cilicia, bringing with them a great and well-furnished army, they camped
there and were overtaken by all the fleet that was assigned to each; there also
arrived the transports for horses, which in the previous year Darius had bidden
his tributary subjects to make ready. Having loaded the horses into these, and
embarked the land army in the ships, they sailed to Ionia with six hundred triremes.
From there they held their course not by the mainland and straight towards the
Hellespont and Thrace, but setting forth from Samos they sailed by the Icarian
sea and from island to island; this, to my thinking, was because they feared above
all the voyage around Athos, seeing that in the previous year they had come to
great disaster by holding their course that way; moreover, Naxos was still unconquered
and constrained them.
When they approached Naxos from the Icarian sea and came to land (for
it was Naxos which the Persians intended to attack first), the Naxians, remembering
what had happened before,fled away to the mountains instead of waiting for them.
The Persians enslaved all of them that they caught, and burnt their temples and
their city. After doing this, they set sail for the other islands.
This extract is from: Herodotus. The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley, 1920), Cambridge. Harvard University Press. Cited Mar 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.
With Chalkis, Naxos joined in the colonization of Sicily, where Naxos (founded 735 B.C.) took its name from the island.
Naxos was a Chalkidic colony accounted the earliest in Sicily (Thuc. 6. 3. 1), the Chalkidic oikist having Naxian emigrants with him. Kallipolis was a sub-colony from Naxos, probably situate (like the metropolis) on the E. coast.
Leontinoi was a settlement from Naxos of Sicily (a colony of Chalkis & Naxos island), remarkable, among all Sikeliote cities
Andromachus . . collected together the inhabitants of the city of Naxos (in Sicily, a colony of Naxos island), which Dionysius the tyrant had destroyed, and founded with them Tauromenium.
Catana was a colony from Naxos. It is an uninteresting town, the aneient remains having been buried by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; but it is now the second city in Sicily in point of size.
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