Listed 100 (total found 213) sub titles with search on: Various locations for wider area of: "TURKEY Country EUROPE" .
PITANI (Ancient city) TURKEY
In Pitane there is also a place on the sea called "Atameus below Pitane," opposite the island called Eleussa (Strab. 13,1,67).
In Pitane there is also a place on the sea called Atameus below Pitane, opposite the island called Eleussa (Strab. 13.1.67).
TELMISSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Lagusa (Lagousa), one of a group of small islands in the bay of Telmissus
in Lycia, 5 stadia from Telmissus, and 80 from Cissidae. (Plin. v. 35 ; Steph.
B. s. v.; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. § 226, foll.) This island is generally considered
to be the same as the modern Panagia di Cordialissa.
ACHARAKA (Ancient city) TURKEY
On the road between the Tralleians and Nysa is a village of the Nysaeans, not far from the city Acharaca, where is the Plutonium, with a costly sacred precinct and a shrine of Pluto and Core, and also the Charonium, a cave that lies above the sacred precinct, by nature wonderful; for they say that those who are diseased and give heed to the cures prescribed by these gods resort thither and live in the village near the cave among experienced priests, who on their behalf sleep in the cave and through dreams prescribe the cures. These are also the men who invoke the healing power of the gods. And they often bring the sick into the cave and leave them there, to remain in quiet, like animals in their lurking-holes, without food for many days. And sometimes the sick give heed also to their own dreams, but still they use those other men, as priests, to initiate them into the mysteries and to counsel them. To all others the place is forbidden and deadly.
A festival is celebrated every year at Acharaca; and at that time in particular those who celebrate the festival can see and hear concerning all these things; and at the festival, too, about noon, the boys and young men of the gymnasium, nude and anointed with oil, take up a bull and with haste carry him up into the cave; and, when let loose, the bull goes forward a short distance, falls, and breathes out his life.
Thirty stadia from Nysa, after one crosses over Mt. Tmolus and the mountain called Mesogis, towards the region to the south of the Mesogis, there is a place called Leimon, whither the Nysaeans and all the people about go to celebrate their festivals. And not far from Leimon is an entrance into the earth sacred to the same gods, which is said to extend down as far as Acharaca. The poet (Homer) is said to name this meadow when he says, ‘On the Asian meadow’; and they point out a hero-temple of Cayster and a certain Asius, and the Cayster River that streams forth near by.
AMISSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Ancon (Ankon), a headland and bay, as the name implies, on the coast
of Pontus, east of Amisus. It is mentioned by Valerius Flaccus (iv. 600) in his
Argonautica, after the Iris, as if it were east of the mouth of that river. Apollonius
Rhodius simply speaks of it as a headland (ii. 369). The ancient authorities do
not agree in the distances along this coast (Steph. s. v. Chadisia; Hamilton,
Researches, vol. i. p. 288). The conclusion of Hamilton seems to be the most probable,
that Derbend Bournou, east of Amisus, represents Ancon, as it is the first headland
east of Amisus, and the only place before reaching the mouth of the Iris where
a harbour can exist. He adds, that at the extremity of Derbend Bournou, a small
stream falls into the sea between two precipitous headlands, probably the Chadisius
of the ancients.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited October 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ANEMOURIO (Ancient city) TURKEY
Platanus (Platanous), according to the Stadiasmus ( § § 178, 179),
a coast-town of Cilicia Aspera, 350 stadia west of Anemuriun. This distance is
incorrect. Beaufort remarks that between the plain of Selinti and the promontory
of Anamur, a distance of 30 miles, the ridge of bare rocky hills forming the coast
is interrupted but twice by narrow valleys, which conduct the mountain torrents
to the sea. The first of these is Kharadra; the other is halfway between that
place and Anamur. The latter, therefore, seems the site of Platanus, that is,
about 150 stadia from Anemurium. The whole of that rocky district, which was very
dangerous to navigators, seems to have derived the name of Platanistus (Strab.
xiv. p. 669) from Platanus. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 200).
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ANGYRA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Macestus or Mecestus (Makestos or Mekestos), a tributary of the river
Rhyndacus: it took its origin in a lake near Ancyra, and, after flowing for some
distance in a western direction, it turned northward, and joined the Rhyndacus
a little to the north of Miletopolis. (Strab. xii. p. 576; Plin. v. 40.) It seems
to be the same river as the one called by Polybius Megistus (v. 77), though the
Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (i. 1162) remarks, that in his time the Rhyndacus
itself bore that name. The lower part of the river now bears the name Susu or
Susugherli, while the upper part is called Simaul-Su. (Hamilton's Researches,
vol. ii. pp. 105, 111.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ANTIOCHIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Daphne, a celebrated grove and sanctuary of Apollo, near Antioch in Syria. Both
locally and historically it was so closely connected with the Syrian metropolis,
that we can hardly consider the one without the other. We have seen that Antioch
was frequently called A. epi Daphei and he pros Daphnen, and conversely we find
Daphne entitled D. he pros Antiocheian. (Joseph. B. J. i. 12. § 5.) Though really
distant a few miles from Antioch, it was called one of its suburbs. If Antioch
has been compared to Paris, Daphne may be called its Versailles.
It was situated to the west, or rather to the south-west, of Antioch,
at a distance of about 5 miles, or 40 stadia, and on higher ground than the metropolis
itself (huperkeitai tettarakonta stadious he Daphne, Strab. xvi.). The place was
naturally of extreme beauty, with perennial fountains, and abundant wood.Here
a sanctuary was established, with the privileges of asylum (2 Macc. iv. 33; Polyaen.
viii. 50), which became famous throughout the heathen world, and remained for
centuries a place of pilgrimage, and the scene of an almost perpetual festival
of vice. The zeal with which Gibbon has described it, in his twenty-third chapter,
is well known.
Daphne, like Antioch, owed its origin to Seleucus Nicator; and, as
in the case of his metropolis, so he associated the religious suburb with mythological
traditions, which were intended to glorify his family. The fame of Apollo was
connected with his own. The fable of the river Peneus was appropriated; and the
tree was even shown into which the nymph Daphne was transformed.1 One of the fountains
received the name of the Castalian spring, and the chief honours of the new sanctuary
were borrowed from Delphi. In the midst of a rich and deep grove of bay trees
and cypresses (Procop. B. Pers. ii. 14), with baths, gardens, and colonnades on
every side, Seleucus built the temple of Apollo and Diana. The statue of the god
was colossal: its material was partly marble, and partly wood; the artist was
Bryaxis the Athenian, whose works were long celebrated at Rhodes and elsewhere.
(Clem. Alex. Protr. § 47.) It is described at length by Libanius (Monod. de Daphnaeo
Templo, iii. 334), who states that the god was represented with a harp, and as
if in the act of singing (eoikei aidonti melos). With the worship of Apollo Antiochus
Epiphanes associated that of Jupiter in the sanctuary of Daphne. This monarch
erected here, in honour of that divinity (with whom he was singularly fond of
identifying himself), a colossal statue of ivory and gold, resembling that of
Phidias at Olympia. Games also. were established in his honour, as may be seen
by extant coins of Antioch. (See Muller's Antiq. Antiochenae, p. 64, note 12.)
The games of Daphne are described in Athenaeus. (Ibid. note 13.) What has been
said may be enough to give the reader some notion of this celebrated place in
the time of the Seleucidae, and in its relation to the Oriental Greeks before
the Roman occupation of Syria. It ought to be added, that the road between Antioch
and Daphne, which passed through the intermediate suburb of Heracleia, was bordered
by gardens, fountains, and splendid buildings, suitable to the gay processions
that thronged from the city gate to the scene of consecrated pleasure.
The celebrity of Daphne continued unimpaired for a long period under
the Romans, from Pompey to Constantine. It seems to have been Pompey who enlarged
the dimensions of the sacred enclosure to the circumference of 80 stadia, or 10
miles, mentioned by Strabo (l. c.; see Eutrop. vi. 14). Some of the aqueducts
erected for the use of Antioch by the Roman emperors were connected with the springs
of Daphne. (Malala, pp. 243; 278.) The reign of Trajan was remarkable in the annals
of the place for the restoration of the buildings destroyed by an earthquake.
That of Commodus was still more memorable on account of the establishment (or
rather the re-establishment) of periodical Olympian games at Antioch; for the
stadium of Daphne was the scene of the festive contests. This was the time of
that corruption of manners (the Daphnici mores of Marcus Antoninus) under which
Roman soldiers and Roman emperors suffered so seriously in the Syrian metropolis.
The decay of Daphne must be dated from the reign of Julian, when the
struggle between Heathenism and Christianity was decided in favour of the latter.
Constantine erected a statue of Helena within the ancient sanctuary of Apollo
and Jupiter, and the great church at Antioch was roofed with cypresswood from
Daphne; which, about the reign of Zeno, fell into the condition of an ordinary
Syrian town.
It is needless to pursue the history further. Among modern travellers,
Pococke and Richter have fixed the site of Daphne at Beit-el-Maa, the distance
of which from Antakia agrees with the ancient measurement, and where some poor
remains are found near a number of abundant fountains. Forbiger (Alte Geographie,
vol. ii. p. 657) thinks with Kinneir that the true position is at Babyla; but,
though the apparent connection of this name with that of the martyr Babylas gives
some ground for this opinion, the distance from Antioch is too great; and the
former view is probably correct. No detailed account of the remains has been given.
Poujoulat says (Corr. d'Orient. viii. 38), A cote de la plus profonde fontaine
de Beit-el-moie, on remarque des debris massifs appartenant a un edifice des ages
recules: si jetais antiquaire et savant, je pourrais peut etre prouver que ces
restes sont ceux du Temple d'Apollon.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Orontes. The largest river of Syria, rising in the Anti-Libanus, flowing past Antioch, and falling into the sea at the foot of Mount Pieria. Its earlier name was Typhon (Strabo, p. 750).
Orontes, the most renowned river of Syria, used by the poet Juvenal for the country, in Tiberim defluxit Orontes. (Juv. iii.) Its original name, according to Strabo, was Typhon (Tuphon), and his account both of its earlier and later names, follows his description of Antioch. The river Orontes flows near the city. This river rising in Coele-Syria, then sinking beneath the earth, again issues forth, and, passing through the district of Apamea to Antiocheia, after approaching the city, runs off to the sea towards Seleuceia. It received its name from one Orontes, who built a bridge over it, having been formerly called Typhon, from a mythic dragon, who being struck with lightning, fled in quest of a hiding-place, and after marking out the course of the stream with its trail, plunged into the earth, from whence forthwith issued the fountain. He places its embouchure 40 stadia from Seleuceia. He elsewhere places the source of the river more definitely near to Libanus and the Paradise, and the Egyptian wall, by the country of Apamea. Its sources have been visited and described in later times by Mr. Barker in 1835. The river is called by the people El-A/si, "the rebel," from its refusal to water the fields without the compulsion of water-wheels, according to Abulfeda (Tab. Syr. p. 149), but according to Mr. Barker, from its occasional violence and windings, during a course of about 200 miles in a northerly direction, passing through Hems and Hamah, and finally discharging itself into the sea at Suweidiah near Antioch. (Journal of the Geog. Soc. vol. vii. p. 99.) The most remote of these sources is only a few miles north of Baalbek, near a village called Labweh, at the foot of the range of Anti-libanus on the top of a hillock, near which passes a small stream, which has its source in the adjoining mountains, and after flowing for several hours through the plain, falls into the basin from which springs the Orontes. These fountains are about 12 hours north of Labweh, near the village Kurmul, where is a remarkable monument, square, and solid, terminating above in a pyramid from 60 to 70 feet high. On the four sides hunting scenes are sculptured in relief, of which the drawing borders on the grotesque. (Robinson, Journal of Geog. Soc. vol. xxiv. p. 32.) There can be no difficulty in connecting this monument with the Paradise or hunting park mentioned by Strabo near the source of the Orontes, similar, no doubt, in origin and character, to those with which the narrative of Xenophon abounds, within the territories of the Persian monarchs. The rise and course of this river and its various tributaries has been detailed by Col. Chesney (Expedition, vol. i. pp. 394--398), and the extreme beauty of its lower course between Antioch and the sea has been described in glowing terms by Captains Irby and Mangles.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
A small river of the plain of Antioch. (Strab. xvi. p. 751.) It runs
from the north, parallel to the Arceuthus and, mixing with its waters and those
of the Oenoparas coming from the east, in a small lake, they flow off in one stream
and join the Orontes a little above Antioch.
Oenobaras (Oinobaras or Oinoparas), a river of the plain of Antioch, in Syria, at which, according to Strabo (xvi. p. 751), Ptolemy Philometer, having conquered Alexander Balas in battle, died of his wounds. It has been identified with the Uphrenus, modern Aphreen, which, rising in the roots of Amanus Mons (Almadaghy), runs southward through the plain of Cyrrhestica, until it falls into the small lake, which receives also the Labotas and the Arceuthus, from which their united waters run westward to join the Orontes coming from the south. The Oenoparas is the easternmost of the three streams. It is unquestionably the Afrin of Abulfeda. (Tabula Syr., Supplementa, p. 152, ed. Koehler; Chesney, Expedition, vol. i. pp. 407, 423.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
APAMIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Aulocrenae, a valley ten Roman miles from Apamia (Cibotus) for those
who are going to Phrygia. (Plin. v. 29.) The Marsyas, says Pliny, rises and is
soon hidden in the place where Marsyas contended with Apollo on the pipe in Aulocrenae;
whence, perhaps, the place derives its name from the legend of Apollo and Marsyas,
as it means the fountains of the pipe. Strabo describes the Marsyas and Maeander
as rising, according to report, in one lake above Celaenae, which produces reeds
adapted for making mouth-pieces for pipes; he gives no name to the lake. Pliny
(xvi. 44) says, We have mentioned the tract (regio) Aulocrene, through which a
man passes from Apamia into Phrygia; there a plane tree is shown from which Marsyas
was suspended, after being vanquished by Apollo. But Pliny has not mentioned the
regio Aulocrene before; and the passage to which he refers (v. 29), and which
is here literally rendered, is not quite clear. But he has mentioned, in another
passage (v. 29), a lake on a mountain Aulocrene, in which the Maeander rises.
Hamilton (Researches, &c. vol. i. p. 498) found near Denair (Apameia Cibotus),
a lake nearly two miles in circumference, full of reeds and rushes, which he considers
to be the source of the Maeander, and also to be the lake described by Pliny on
the Mons Aulocrene. But the Aulocrenae he considers to be in the plain of Dombai.
Thus Pliny mentions a regio Aulocrene, a mons Aulocrene, and a valley (convallis)
Aulocrenae.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ASCANIA (Ancient area) MYSIA
Ascania lacus or Ascanius (Askania: Isnik), a large lake in Bithynia,
at the east extremity of which was the city of Nicaea. (Strab. p. 5 65, &c.) Apollodorus,
quoted by Strabo (p. 681), says that there was a place called Ascania on the lake.
The lake is about 10 miles long and 4 wide, surrounded on three sides by steep
woody slopes, behind which rise the snowy summits of the Olympus range. (Leake,
Asia Minor, p. 7.) Cramer refers to Aristotle (Mirab. Ausc. c. 54) and Pliny (xxxi.
10), to show that the waters of this lake are impregnated with nitre; but Aristotle
and Pliny mean another Ascania. This lake is fresh; a river flows into it, and
runs out into the bay of Cios. This river is the Ascanius of Pliny (v. 32) and
Strabo.
The Ascanius of Homer (Il. ii. 862) is supposed to be about this lake of
Strabo (p. 566), who attempts to explain this passage of the Iliad. The country
around the lake was called Ascania. (Steph. s. v. Askania.) The salt lake Ascania,
to which Aristotle and Pliny refer, is a lake of Pisidia, the lake of Buldur or
Burdur.
The salt lake Ascania of Arrian (Anab. i. 29) is a different lake
[Anaya].
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
which flows past Aspendus (Pliny 5.26)
ASSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Satnioeis (Satnioeis: Tuzlia or Tusla), a small river in the southern part of Troas, having its sources in Mount Ida, and flowing in a western direction between Hamaxitus and Larissa, discharges itself into the Aegean. It owes its celebrity entirely to the Homeric poems. (Il. vi. 34, xiv. 445, xxi. 87; Strab. xiii. who states that at a later time it was called Saphnioeis.)
ATTALIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Masura (Masoura), a place between Attalia and Perge in Pamphylia (Stadiasm. §
§ 200, 201), and 70 stadia from Mygdala, which is probably a corruption of Magydus.
AZANITIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
BOZCAADA (Island) TURKEY
A group of small islands off the coast of Troy, to the north of Tenedos (Plin.
v. 38; comp. Eustath. ad Hom. Il. ii. p. 306). Their modern name is Taochan Adassi.
CHRYSOUPOLIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
DARDANELLES (Sea strait) CANAKKALE
Rhyndacus (Rhundakos), an important river in the province of Hellespontus,
which has its sources at the foot of Mount Olympus in Phrygia Epictetus, near
the town of Azani. (Scylax, p. 35; Plin. v. 40; Pomp. Mela, i. 19; Strab. xii.
p. 576.) According to Pliny, it was at one time called Lycus, and had its origin
in the lake of Miletopolis ; but this notion is incorrect. The river flows at
first in a north-western direction, forming the boundary between Mysia and Bithynia,
through the lake of Apollonia, and in the neighbourhood of Miletopolis receives
the river Megistus, and discharges itself into the Propontis opposite the island
of Besbicus. The Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (i. 1165) states that in later
times the Rhyndacus, after receiving the waters of the Megistus, was itself called
Megistus; but Eustathius (ad Horn. Il. xiii. 771) assures us that in his time
it still bore the name of Rhyndacus. According to Valerius Flaccus (iii. 35) its
yellow waters were discernible in the sea at a great distance from its mouth.
In B.C. 73 Lucullus gained a victory over Mitlhridates on the banks of this river.
(Plut. Luc. 11; comp. Polyb. v. 17; Ptol. v. 1. § § 4, 8; Steph. B. s. v.) The
Rhyndacus is now called Lupad, and after its union with the Megistus (Susughirli)
it bears the name of Mohalidsh or Micalitza. (See Hamilton's Researches, i. p.
83, &c.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
EFESSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Spring near Ephesus.
Cenchrius (Kenchrios). A river of Ionia near Ephesus and Mount Solmissus, where the Curetes, according to some, concealed and protected Leto after her delivery, when she was pursued by the power of Here.
Caystri Campus (to Kaustrou pedion) is Strabo's name for the plain of the Cayster.
Stephanus (s. v. Kaustrion pedion) assigns it to the Ephesia or territory of Ephesus,
with the absurd remark that the Cayster, from which it takes its name, was so
called from its proximity to the Catacecaumene or Burnt Region. Stephanus adds
the Ethnic name Kaustrianos ; but this belongs properly to the people of some
place, as there are medals with the legend Kaustrianon.
Xenophon, in his march of Cyrus from Sardis (Anab. i. 2. § 11), speaks
of a Kaustrou pedion. Before coming here, Cyrus passed through Celaenae, Peltae,
and Ceramon Agora. The march from Celaenae to Peltae is 10 parasangs; from Peltae
to Ceramon Agora, 12 parasangs; and from Ceramon Agora to the plain of Cayster,
which Xenophon calls an inhabited city, was 30 parasangs. From the plain of Cayster,
Cyrus marched 10 parasangs to Thymbrium, then 10 to Tyraeum, and then 20 to Iconium,
the last city of Phrygia in the direction of his march; for after leaving Iconium,
he entered Cappadocia. Iconium is Koniyeh, a position well known. Celaenae is
also well known, being at Deenair, on the Maeander. Now the march of Cyrus from
Celaenae to Iconium was 92 parasangs, or 2760 stadia, according to Greek computation,
if the numbers are right in the Greek text. Cyrus, therefore, did not march direct
from Celaenae to Iconium. He made a great bend to the north, for the Ceramon Agora
was the nearest town in Phrygia to Mysia. The direct distance from Celaenae to
Iconium is about 125 English miles. The distance by the route of Cyrus was 276
geog. miles, if the Greek value of the parasang is true, as given by Xenophon
and Herodotus; but it may be less.
The supposition that the plain of Cayster is the plain through which
the Cayster flows cannot be admitted; and as Cyrus seems for some reason to have
directed his march northwards from Celaenae till he came near the borders of Mysia,
his route to Iconium would be greatly lengthened. Two recent attempts have been
made to fix the places between Celaenae and Iconium, one by Mr. Hamilton (Researches,
&c., vol. ii. p. 198, &c.), and another by Mr. Ainsworth (Travels in the Track
of the Ten Thousand, &c., p. 24, &c.). The examination of these two explanations
cannot be made here for want of space. But it is impossible to identify with certainty
positions on a line of road where distances only are given, and we find no corresponding
names to guide us. Mr. Hamilton supposes that the Caystri Campus may be near the
village of Chai Kieui, and near the banks of the Eber Ghieul in the extensive
plain between that village and Polybotum. Chai Kieui is in about 38° 40? N. lat.
Mr. Ainsworth places the Caystri Campus further west at a place called Surmeneh,
a high and arid upland, as its ancient name designates, which is traversed by
an insignificant tributary to the Eber Gol, Mr. Hamilton's Eber Ghieul. The neighbourhood
of Surmeneh abounds in ancient remains; but Chai Kieui is an insignificant place,
without ruins. Both Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Ainsworth, however, agree in fixing the
Caystri Campus in the basin of this river, the Eber Ghieul, and so far the conclusion
may be accepted as probable. But the exact site of the place cannot be determined
without further evidence. Cyrus stayed at Caystri Campus five days, and he certainly
would not stay with his troops five days in a high and arid upland. As the plain
was called the Plain of Cayster, we may assume that there was a river Cayster
where Cyrus halted. One of Mr. Ainsworth's objections to Mr. Hamilton's conclusion
is altogether unfounded. He says that the plain which Mr. Hamilton chooses as
the site of the Caystri Campus is an extensive plain, but very marshy, being in
one part occupied by a perpetual and large lake, called Eber Gol, and most unlikely
at any season of the year to present the arid and burnt appearance which could
have led the Greeks to call it Caustron or Caystrus, the burnt or barren plain.
But the word Caystrus could not mean burnt, and Stephanus is guilty of originating
this mistake. It means no more a burnt plain here than it does when applied to
the plain above Ephesus. Both were watery places; one we know to be so; and the
other we may with great probability conclude to be. The medals with the epigraph
KaustriaWoW may belong to this place, and not to a city in the valley of the Lydian
Cayster.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Myonnesus (Muonnesos or Muonesos), a promontory on the south-west of Lebedus, on the coast of Ionia, at the northern extremity of the bay of Ephesus. It is celebrated in history for the naval victory there gained by the Romans under L. Aemilius over Antiochus the Great, in B.C. 190. (Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. xiv. p. 643; Thucyd. iii. 42; Liv. xxxvii. 27.) Livy describes the promontory as situated between Samos and Teos, and as rising from a broad basis to a pointed summit. There was an approach to it on the land side by a narrow path; while on the sea side it was girt by rocks, so much worn by the waves, that in some parts the over-hanging cliffs extended further into the sea than the ships stationed under them. On this promontory there also was a small town of the name of Myonnesus [p. 387] (Steplh. B., Strab ll. cc.), which belonged to Teos. The rocks of Myonnesus are now called Hypsilibounos.
Pliny (H. N. v. 37) mentions a small island of the name of Myonnesus near Ephesus, which, together with two others, Anthinae and Diarrheusa, formed a group called Pisistrati Insulae.
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After the outlet of the Cayster River comes a lake that runs inland from the sea, called Selinusia; and next comes another lake that is confluent with it, both affording great revenues. Of these revenues, though sacred, the kings deprived the goddess, but the Romans gave them back; and again the tax-gatherers forcibly converted the tolls to their own use; but when Artemidorus was sent on an embassy, as he says, he got the lakes back for the goddess, and he also won the decision over Heracleotis, which was in revolt, his case being decided at Rome; and in return for this the city erected in the temple a golden image of him. In the innermost recess of the lake there is a temple of a king, which is said to have been built by Agamemnon.
Selenusiae (Selenousiai) or Selennuetes, two lakes formed by the sea, north of the mouth of the Caystrus, and not far from the temple of the Ephesian Artemis. These two lakes, which communicated with each other, were extremely rich in fish, and formed part of the revenue of the temple of Artemis, though they were on several occasions wrested from it. (Strab. xiv. p. 642; Plin. v. 31.) The name of the lakes, derived from Selene, the moon-goddess, or Artemis, probably arose from their connection with the great goddess of Ephesus. (Comp. Chandler's Travels in Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 162.)
Phyrites, a small tributary of the Caystrus, having its origin in the western branch of Mount Tmolus, and flowing in a southern direction through the Pegasean marsh (Stagnum Pegaseum), discharges itself into the Caystrus some distance above Ephesus. (Plin. v. 31.)
Pegaseum Stagnum a small lake in the Caystrian plain near Ephesus, from which issues the little river Phyrites, a tributary of the Caystrus. (Plin. v. 31.) The district surrounding the lake is at present an extensive morass. (Comp. Arundell, Seven Churches, p. 23, &c.)
Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus, in which the Ephesians pretended that Apollo and Artemis were born. Hence the Cayster, which flowed near Ephesus, is called Ortygius Cayster.
Coresus (Koressos). A lofty mountain in Ionia, four miles from Ephesus, with a place of the same name at its foot.
Mountain near Ephesus.
Panormus The port of Ephesus formed by the mouth of the Caystrus, near which stood the celebrated temple of the Ephesian Artemis. (Strab. xiv. p. 639; comp. Liv. xxx<*> i. 10, foll., especially 14. 15)
Priapus. An island near Ephesus, Plin. 5, 31, 38, § 137.
Solmissus (Solmissos), a hill near Ephesus, rising above the grove of Leto, where
the Curetes, by the loud noise of their arms, prevented Hera from hearing the
cries of Leto when she gave birth to her twins. (Strab. xiv. p. 640.)
ENOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Stentoris lacus (Stentoris limne, Herod. vii. 58; Acropol. p. 64), a lake on the
south-east coast of Thrace, formed by the Hebrus, and opening into the Aegean
near the town of Aenos. Pliny (iv. 11. s. 18) incorrectly places on it a Stentoris
Portus; and Mannert conjectures that perhaps the right reading in Herodotus (l.
c.) is limena, not limnen.
ERYTHRES (Ancient city) TURKEY
District belonging to Erythrae.
After Mt. Corycus one comes to Halonnesos, a small island. Then to Argennum, a promontory of the Erythraean territory; it is very close to the Poseidium of the Chians, which latter forms a strait about sixty stadia in width. Between Erythrae and Hypocremnus lies Mimas, a lofty mountain, which is well supplied with game and well wooded. Then one comes to a village Cybelia, and to a promontory Melaena, as it is called, which has a millstone quarry.
Argennum (Argennon, Arginon, Thucyd. viii. 34), a promontory of the territory
of Erythrae, the nearest point of the mainland to Posidium in Chios, and distant
60 stadia from it. The modern name is said to be called Cap Blanc.
FASILIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Solyma (ta Soluma), a high mountain near Phaselis in Lycia. (Strab.
xiv. p. 666.) As the mountain is not mentioned by any other writer, it is probably
only another name for the Chimaera Mons, the Olympus, or the mountains of the
Solymi, mentioned by Homer. (Od. v. 283.) In the Stadiasmus it is simply called
the oros mega: it extends about 70 miles northward from Phaselis, and its highest
point, now called Taghtalu, rises immediately above the ruins of Phaselis, which
exactly corresponds with the statement of Strabo. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 189.)
FAZIMON (Ancient city) TURKEY
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
FRYGIA (Ancient country) TURKEY
Cave in Phrygia, sacred to the Mother.
River of Phrygia.
Alander a river of Phrygia (Liv. xxxviii. 15, 18), which is twice mentioned by
Livy, in his account of the march of Cn. Manlius. It was probably a branch of
the Sangarius, as Hamilton (Researches in Asia Minor, vol. i. pp. 458, 467) conjectures,
and the stream which flows in the valley of Beiad; but he gives no modern name
A river of Phrygia, an eastern tributary of the Maeander, had its sources, according to Livy (xxxviii. 15), on the eastern side of Mount Cadmus, near the town of Asporidos, and flowed in the neighbourhood of Apamea Cibotus (Plin. v. 29.) This is all the direct information we possess about it; but from Livy's account of the expedition of Manlius, who had pitched his camp there, when he was visited by Seleucus from Apamea, we may gather some further particulars, which enable us to identify the Obrimas with the Sandukli Chai. Manlius had marched direct from Sagalassus, and must have led his army through the plains of Dombai, passing in the rear of Apamea. Thus Seleucus would easily hear of the consul being in his neighbourhood, and, in his desire to propitiate him, would have started after him and overtaken him the next day (postero die.) Manlius, moreover, at the sources of the Obrimas required guides, because he found himself hemmed in by mountains and unable to find his way to the plain of Metropolis. All this agrees perfectly well with the supposition that the ancient Obrimas is the modern Sandukli Chai (Hamilton, Researches, ii. p. 172, &e.). Franz (Funf Inschriften, p. 37), on the other hand, supposes the Kodsha Chai to correspond with the Obrimas. Arundell (Discov. in Asia Min. i. p. 231), again, believes that Livy has confounded the sources of the Marsyas and Maeander with those of the Obrimas.
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Tymandus (Tumandos: Eth. TumandeWos), a place in Phrygia, between Philomelium
and Sozopolis. (Cone. Chalked. pp. 244, and 247: in this passage the reading Mandenon
pogis is corrupt; Hierocl. p. 673, where the name is miswritten Tumandros.) It
is possible that Tymandus may be the same as the Dymas mentioned by Livy (xxxviii.
15), for which some MSS. have Dimas or Dinias.
Gygaeus Lacus (Gugaia Limnm: Mermere), a lake in Phrygia, on the road
from Thyatira to Sardes, between the rivers Hermus and Hyllus. (Hom. Il. ii. 864,
xx. 391; Herod. i. 93; Strab. xiii. p. 626; Plin. v. 30.) This lake was afterwards
called Coloe, and near it was the necropolis of Sardes. It was said to have been
made by human hands, to receive the waters which inundated the plain. (Comp. Hamilton's
Researches, vol. i. p. 145.)
Tymbres a tributary of the Sangarius, in the north of Phrygia (Liv. xxxviii. 18),
is in all probability the same river as the one called by Pliny (vi. 1) Tembrogius,
which joined the Sangarius, as Livy says, on the borders of Phrygia and Galatia,
and, flowing in the plain of Dorylaeum, separated Phrygia Epictetus from Phrygia
Salutaris. It seems also to be the same river as the Thyaris and Bathys mentioned
in Byzantine writers. (Cinnamus, v. 1. p. 1ll; Richter, Wallfahrten, p. 522, foll.)
GALATIA (Ancient country) TURKEY
Trocmada (Trokmada), a place of uncertain site in Galatia, which probably derived
its name from the tribe of the Trocmi, is mentioned only by late Christian writers
(Conc. Chalced. pp. 125, 309, 663; Conc. Constant. iii. p. 672; Conc. Nicaen.
ii. p. 355, where its name is Troknada; Hierocl. p. 698, where it is miswritten
Pegetnakade.)
HERAKLIA OF PONTOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Lycus (Lukos), is the name of a great many rivers, especially in Asia,
and seems to have originated in the impression made upon the mind of the beholder
by a torrent rushing down the side of a hill, which suggested the idea of a wolf
rushing at his prey. The following rivers of this name occur in Asia Minor:
1. The Lycus of Bithynia: it flows in the east of Bithynia in a western direction,
and empties itself into the Euxine a little to the south of Heracleia Pontica,
which was twenty stadia distant from it. The breadth of the river is stated to
have been two plethra, and the plain near its mouth bore the name of Campus Lycaeus.
(Scylax, p. 34; Orph. Argon. 720; Arrian, Peripl. p. 14; Anonym. Peripl. p. 3;
Xenoph. Anab. vi. 2. § 3; Ov. Epist. ex Pont. x. 47; Memnon, ap. Phot. 51; Plin.
vi. 1, who erroneously states that Heracleia was situated on (appositum) the river.
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IONIA (Ancient country) TURKEY
An Ionian promontory opposite Samos; Panionium there, flight of Chians thither after Lade, defeat of Persians by Greeks at Mycale, mountain in Ionia.
Perseus Project Index. Total results on 30/5/2001: 85 for Mykale, 125 for Mycale.
Promontory opposite Chios, some of the Greeks sail to, after the sack of Ilium, Alexander attempts to dig through it.
Mimas (ho Mimas), a mountain range in Ionia, traversing the peninsula
of Erythrae from south to north. It still bears its ancient name, under which
it is mentioned in the Odyssey (iii. 172.) It is, properly speaking, only a branch
of Mount Tmolus, and was celebrated in ancient times for its abundance of wood
and game (Strab. xiv. pp. 613, 645.) The neck at the south-western extremity of
the peninsula formed by Mount Mimas, a little to the north of Teos, is only about
7 Roman miles broad, and Alexander the Great intended to cut a canal through the
isthmus, so as to connect the Caystrian and Hermaean bays; but it was one of the
few undertakings in which he did not succeed. (Plin. v. 31; Paus. ii. 1. § 5;
comp. vii. 4. § 1; Thucyd. viii. 34; Ov. Met. ii. 222; Amm. Marc. xxxi. 42; Callim.
Hymn. in Del. 157; Sil. Ital. ii. 494.)
Mount Mimas forms three promontories in the peninsula; in the south
Coryceum (Koraka or Kurko), in the west Argennum (Cape Blanco), and in the north
Melaena (Kara Burnu). Chandler (Travels, p. 213) describes the shores of Mount
Mimas as covered with pines and shrubs, and garnished with flowers. He passed
many small pleasant spots, well watered, and green with corn or with myrtles and
shrubs. The summit of the mountain commands a magnificent view, extending over
the bays of Smyrna, Clazomenae, and Erythrae, the islands of Samos, Chios, and
several others.
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Perseus Project Index. Total results on 30/5/2001: 36 for Mimas.
KAPADOKIA (Ancient country) TURKEY
Mocisus or Mocisum (Mokesos, Mokison) a fort in the north western
part of Cappadocia, which the Emperor Justinian, at the time when he divided the
country into three provinces, raised to the rank of the capital of Cappadocia
III. On that occasion the place was considerably enlarged, and its name was changed
into Justinianopolis. (Procop. de Aed. v. 4; Hierocl. p. 701, where it is miswritten
Pegekoukousos, for Pegemoukisos; Const. Porph. de Them. i. 2; Steph. B. s. v.
Moukissos; Conc. Const. ii. p. 96.) It modern name is Kir Shehr.
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A district in the northwest of Cappadocia, comprising both banks of the river
Halys, is said to have been fit only for pasture land, to have had scarcely any
fruit-trees, and to have abounded in wild asses. (Strab. xii. pp. 534, 537, 539,
540; Plin. H. N. vi. 3.) The Romans regarded it as a part of Galatia, whence Ptolemy
(v. 6) does not mention it among the districts of Cappadocia.
Pyramus (Puramos,), one of the great rivers of Asia Minor, which has its sources in Cataonia near the town of Arabissus. (Strab. i. p. 53, xiv. p. 675.) For a time it passes under ground, but then comes forward again as a navigable river, and forces its way through a glen of Mount Taurus, which in some parts is so narrow that a god can leap across it. (Strab. xii. p. 536.) Its course, which until then had been south, now turns to the south-west, and reaches the sea st Mallus in Cilicia. This river is deep and rapid (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 440); its average breadth was 1 stadium (Xenoph. Anab. i. 4. § 1), but it carried with it such a quantity of mud, that, according to an ancient oracle, its deposits were one day to reach the island of Cyprus, and thus unite it with the mainland. (Strab. l. c.; Eustath. ad Dionys, 867.) Stephanus B. (s. v.) states that formerly this river had been called Leucosyrus. (Comp. Scylax, p. 40; Ptol. v. 8. § 4; Plin. v. 22; Pomp. Mela, i. 13; Curtius, iii. 7; Arrian, Anab. ii. 5. § 8.) Its modern name is Seihun or Jechun.
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Sargarausene, a district of Cappadocia, on the east of Commagene and near the
frontiers of Pontus, containing, according to Ptolemy (v. 6. § 13), the towns
of Phiara, Sadagena, Gauraena, Sabalassus, Ariarathira, and Maroga. (Strab. xii.
pp. 534, 537; Plin. vi. 3.)
Soanda or Soandum (Soanda or Soandon), a castle of Cappadocia, between Therma
and Sacoena. (Strab. xiv. p. 663; It. Ant. p. 202.) The same place seems to be
alluded to by Frontinus (iii. 2. § 9), who calls it Suenda. Hamilton (Researches,
ii. p. 286, foil.) identifies it with Ssoghanli Dere, a place situated on a rock,
about 8 miles on the south-west of Karahissar, but other geopraphers place it
in a different locality.
KARIA (Ancient country) TURKEY
Carura (Ta Karoura), a town which was on the north-eastern limit
of Caria (Strab. p. 663); its position east of the range of Cadmus assigns it
to Phrygia, under which country Strabo describes it. It was on the south side
of the Maeander, 20 M. P. west of Laodiceia, according to the Table, and on the
great road along the valley of the Maeander from Laodiceia to Ephesus. The place
is identified by the hot springs, about 12 miles NW. of Denizli, which have been
described by Pococke and Chandler. Strabo (p. 578) observes that Carura contained
many inns (pandocheia), which is explained by the fact of its being on a line
of great traffic, by which the wool and other products of the interior were taken
down to the coast. He adds that it has hot springs, some in the Maeander, and
some on the banks of the river. All this tract is subject to earthquakes; and
there was a story, reported by Strabo, that as a brothel keeper was lodging in
the inns with a great number of his women, they were all swallowed up one night
by the earth opening. Chandler (Asia Minor, c. 65) observed on the spot a jet
of hot water, which sprung up several inches from the ground; and also the remains
of an ancient bridge over the river. On the road between Carura and Laodiceia
was the temple of Men Carus, a Carian deity; and in the time of Strabo there was
a noted school of medicine here, under the presidency of Zeuxis. This school was
of the sect of Herophilus. (Strab. p. 580.) Chandler discovered some remains on
the road to Laodiceia, which, he supposes, may be the traces of this temple; but
he states nothing that confirms the conjecture.
Herodotus (vii. 30) mentions a place called Cydrara, to which Xerxes
came on his road from Colossae to Sardes. It was the limit of Lydia and Phrygia,
and King Croesus fixed a stele there with an inscription on it, which declared
the boundary. Leake (Asia Minor, &c. p. 251) thinks that the Cydrara of Herodotus
may be Carura. It could not be far off; but the boundary between Lydia and Phrygia
would perhaps not be placed south of the Maeander in these parts.
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Aphrodisias, a promontory on the SW. coast of Caria (Mela, i. 16; Plin. v. 28), between the gulfs of Schoenus and Thymnias. The modern name is not mentioned by Hamilton, who passed round it (Researches, vol. ii. p. 72). It has sometimes been confounded with the Cynos Sema of Strabo, which is Cape Volpo.
Arconnesus (Arkonnesos), a small island of Caria, near to the mainland,
and south of Halicarnassus. It is now called Orak Ada. When Alexander besieged
Halicarnassus, some of the inhabitants fled to this island. (Arrian, Anab. i.
23; Strabo, p. 656; Chart of the Prom. of Halicarnassus, &c., in Beaufort's Karamania;
Hamilton, Researches, ii. 34.)
Strabo (p. 643) mentions an island, Aspis, between Teos and Lebedus, and
he adds that it was also called Arconnesus. Chandler, who saw the island from
the mainland, says that it is called Carabash. Barbie du Bocage (Translation of
Chandler's Travels, i. p. 422) says that it is called in the charts Sainte-Euphnemie.
This seems to be the island Macris of Livy (xxxvii. 28), for he describes it as
opposite to the promontory on which Myonnesus was situated. Cramer (Asia Minor,
vol. i. p. 355) takes Macris to be a different island from Aspis.
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Lethaeus (Lethaios), a small river of Caria, which has its sources
in Mount Pactyes, and after a short course from north to south discharges itself
into the Maeander, a little to the south-east of Magnesia. (Strab. xii. p. 554,
xiv. p. 647; Athen. xv. p. 683.) Arundell (Seven Churches, p. 57) describes the
river which he identifies with the ancient Lethaeus, as a torrent rushing along
over rocky ground, and forming many waterfalls.
Attuda (Attouda: Eth. Attoudeus), a town of Caria, or of Phrygia, as some suppose, noticed only by Hierocles and the later authorities. But there are coins of the place with the epigraph Hiera Boule Attoudeon, of the time of Augustus and later. The coins show that the Men Carus was worshipped there. An inscription is said to show that the site is that of Ypsili Hissar, south-east of Aphrodisias in Caria. (Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 55; Forbiger, vol. ii. p. 235.)
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Suagela (Souagela), a town of Caria, in which was shown the tomb of Car, the ancestor
of all the Carians; the place was in fact believed to have received its name from
this circumstance, for in Carian soua signified a tomb, and gelas a king. (Steph.
B. s. v.) Strabo, who calls the place Syangela (xiii. p. 611), states that this
town and Myndus were preserved at the time when Mausolus united six other towns
to form Halicarnassus.
KELENDERIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
(Melania), a place on the coast of Cilicia, a little to the west of Celenderis,
perhaps on the site of the modern Kizliman. (Strab. xiv. p. 670.) From another
passage of Strabo (xvi. p. 760), compared with Stephanus B. (s. v. Melainai),
it would seem that the place was also called Melaenae.
KERAMOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Cerameicus (Kerameikos kolpos), a bay in Caria (Herod. i. 174), now
the gulf of Boudroun, so called from a town Ceramus (Keramos), which is on the
gulf. Strabo places Ceramus and Bargasa near the sea, between Cnidus and Halicarnassus,
and Ceramus comes next after Cnidus. D'Anville identifies Ceramus with a place
called Keramo, but this place does not appear to be known. (Leake, Asia Minor,
p. 225.) Ptolemy seems to place Ceramus on the south side of the bay. Some modern
maps place it on the north side; but this cannot be true, particularly if Bargasa
is rightly determined. There are medals which are assigned to Ceramus by some
numismatists.
Pliny mentions a Doridis Sinus. Now, as Doris is the country occupied
by the Dorian colonies, this name is more appropriate to the Cerameicus, on the
north side of which is Halicarnassus, and at the entrance is the island of Cos.
Pliny's words are clear, though they have been generally misunderstood; for, after
mentioning the bay of Schoenus and the Regio Bubassus, he mentions Cnidus, and
he says that Doris begins at Cnidus. Again, he says that Halicarnassus is between
the Cerameicus and the Iasius: the Cerameicus of Pliny, then, is either different
from the Sinus Doridis, or it is one of the bays included in the Sinus Doridis,
and so called from the town of Ceramus. But Pliny places in the Doridis Sinus,
Leucopolis, Hamaxitus, Elaeus, and Euthene; and Mela (i. 16) places Euthane, as
he calls it, in a bay between Cnidus and the Cerameicus Sinus: from which it clearly
appears that Euthane is in the Sinus Doridis of Pliny, and that Mela's Cerameicus
is a smaller bay in the Sinus Doridis. Mela's Littus Leuca is between Halicarnassus
and Myndus; and if this is Pliny's Leucopolis, as we may assume, the identity
of the Cerameicus and the Sinus Doridis of Pliny is clearly established.
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KERASSOUS (Ancient city) PONTOS
Aretias (Aretias), a small island on the coast of Pontus, 30 stadia
east of Pharnacia (Kerasunt), called Areos nesos by Scymnus (Steph. B. s. v. Areos
nesos) and Scylax. Here (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 384) the two queens of the Amazons,
Otrere and Antiope, built a temple to Ares. Mela (ii. 7) mentions this place,
under the name of Area or Aria, an island dedicated to Mars, in the neighbourhood
of Colchis. Aretias appears to be the rocky islet called by the Turks Kerasunt
Ada, which is between 3 and 4 miles from Kerasunt. The rock is a black volcanic
breccia, with imbedded fragments of trap, and is covered in many places with broken
oystershells brought by gulls and sea-birds. (Hamilton, Researches, i. 262.) This
may explain the legend of the terrible birds that frequented this spot. Pliny
(vi. 12) gives to the island also the name of Chalceritis.
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KESSARIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Argaeus (Argaios: Argish, or Erjish Dagh), a lofty mountain in Cappadocia,
at the foot of which was Mazaca. It is, says Strabo (p. 538), always covered with
snow on the summit, and those who ascend it (and they are few) say that on a clear
day they can see from the top both the Euxine and the hay of Issus. Cappadocia,
he adds, is a woodless country, but there are forests round the base of Argaeus.
It is mentioned by Claudian. (In Ruf. ii. 30.) It has been doubted if the summit
of the mountain can be reached; but Hamilton (Researches, ii. 274) reached the
highest attainable point, above which is a mass of rock with steep perpendicular
sides,rising to a height of 20 or 25 feet above the ridge, on which he stood.
The state of the weather did not enable him to verify Strabo's remark about the
two seas, but he doubts if they can be seen, on account of the high mountains
which intervene to the N. and the S. He estimates the height above the sea-level
at about 13,000 feet. Argaeus is a volcanic mountain. It is the culminating point
in Asia Minor of the range of Taurus, or rather of that part which is called Antitaurus.
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KILIKIA (Ancient country) TURKEY
Cilicium Mare (he Kilikia Thalassa). The northeastern portion
of the Mediterranean, between Cilicia and Cyprus, as far as the Gulf of Issus.
A part of Kilikian Sea (Ptol. E. 7.1)
Cilician Sea : Perseus Project
Ciliciae Pylae (hai Pulai tes Kilikias) or Portae. The chief
pass between Cappadocia and Cilicia, through the Taurus, on the road from Tyana
to Tarsus.
Cilician Gates : Perseus Project index
Appia (Appia: Eth. Appianus), a town of Phrygia, which, according to Pliny (v.
29), belonged to the conventus of Synnada. Cicero (ad Fam. iii. 7) speaks of an
application being made to him by the Appiani, when he was governor of Cilicia,
about the taxes with which they were burdened, and about some matter of building
in their town. At this time then it was included in the Province of Cilicia. The
site does not seem to be known.
(Lakanitis), the name of a district in Cilicia Proper, above Tarsus, between the
rivers Cydnus and Sarus, and containing the town of Irenopolis. (Ptol. v. 8. §
6.)
Calycadnus (Kalukadnos), one of the largest rivers of Cilicia. (Strab. p. 670.) It rises in the range of Taurus, and after a general eastern course between the range of Taurus and the high land which borders this part of the coast of Cilicia, it passes Selefkieh, the remains of Seleuceia, and enters the Mediterranean north-east of the promontory of Sarpedon. The most fertile and the only extensive level in (Cilicia) Tracheiotis is the valley of the Calycadnus, a district which was sometimes called Citis (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 116.) The Calycadnus is about 180 feet wide, opposite to Seleuceia, where there is a bridge of six arches. The river is now called the Ghiuk-Su. It enters the sea through a low sandy beach. In the treaty between Antiochus and the Romans (Polyb. xxii. 26) the Syrian king was not to navigate west of the promontory Calycadnum, except in certain cases. Livy (xxxviii. 38) mentions the same terms, but he speaks both of Calycadnum and the Sarpedon (promontoria); and Appian (Syr. 39) also mentions the two promontories Calycadnum and Sarpedonium, and in the same order. Now if the Sarpedon of Strabo were the lofty promontory of Cape Cavaliere, as Beaufort supposed (Karamania, p. 235), the Calycadnum, which we may fairly infer to be near Sarpedon, and near the river, might be the long sandy point of Lissan el Kahpeh, which is between Cape Cavaliere, and the mouth of the river Calycadnus. Beaufort supposes this long sandy point to be the Zephyrium of Strabo. It is correctly described in the Stadiasmus as a sandy narrow spit, 80 stadia from the Calycadnus, which is about the true distance; but in the Stadiasmus it is called Sarpedonia. According to the Stadiasmus then the cape called Calycadnum must be, as Leake supposes, the projection of the sandy coast at the mouth of the Calycadnus. This identification of Sarpedon with Lissan el Kahpeh, and the position of Zephyrium at the mouth of the Calycadnus, agree very well with Strabo's words; and the Zephyrium of Strabo and Calycadnum of Livy and Polybius and Appian, may be the same. Ptolemy going from west to east mentions Sarpedon, the river Calycadnus and Zephyrium; but his Zephyrium may still be at the mouth of the Calycadnus.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Poecile (Poikile), a rock on the coast of Cilicia, near the mouth of the Calycadnus, and on the east of Cape Sarpedon, across which a flight of steps cut in the rock led from Cape Zephyrium to Seleuceia. (Strab. xiv, p. 670 ; Stadiasm. Mar. M. § 161.) Its distance of 40 stadia from the Calycadnus will place it about Pershendi. Instead of any steps in the rock, Beaufort here found extensive ruins of a walled town, with temples, arcades, aqueducts, and tombs, built round a small level, which had some appearance of having once been a harbour with a narrow opening to the sea. An inscription copied by Beaufort from a tablet over the eastern gate of the ruins accounts for the omission of any notice of this town by Strabo and others ; for the inscription states it to have been entirely built by Fluranius, archon of the eparchia of Isauria, in the reigns of Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Lalasis (Lalasis, Ptol. v. 8. § 6, where some MSS. have Dalasis), a district in Cilicia, extending along Mount Taurus, above the district called Selentis. Pliny (v. 23) also mentions a town Lalasis in Isauria, and this town accordingly seems to have been the capital of the district Lalasis, which may have extended to the north of Mount Taurus. It is probable, moreover, that the Isaurian town of Lalisanda, mentioned by Stephanus B., and which, he says, was in his day called Dalisanda, is the same as Lalasis ; and if so, it is identical with the Dalisanda of Hierocles (p. 710). Basilius of Seleucia informs us that the town stood on a lofty height, but was well provided with water, and not destitute of other advantages. (Wesseling, ad Hierocl. l. c.). From all these circumstances, we might be inclined to consider the reading Dalasis in Ptolemy the correct one, were it not that the coins of the place all bear the inscription Lalasseon. (Sestini, p. 96.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Anchiale, a daughter of Japetus and mother of Cydnus, who was believed to have founded the town of Anchiale in Cilicia. (Steph. Byz. s. v.) Another personage of this name occurs in Apollon. Rhod. i. 1130.
KIVYRA (Ancient city) TURKEY
A fortress on the river Indus in Caria, not far from Cibyra. (Liv. xxxviii. 14.)
KOLOFON (Ancient city) TURKEY
Place near Colophon.
River at Colophon, coldest river of Ionia.
After Colophon one comes to the mountain Coracius and to an isle sacred to Artemis, whither deer, it has been believed, swim across and give birth to their young.
Coracius Mons (to Korakion oros) is placed by Strabo between Colophon
and Lebedus. As the word Korakion is an adjective, the name of the mountain may
be Corax. When Strabo speaks of a mountain between Colophon and Lebedus, he means
that some high land is crossed in going from one place to the other; but this
high land runs north, and occupies the tract that extends from Colophon and Lebedus
north, towards the gulf of Smyrna. Chandler therefore may be right when he gives
the name Corax to the mountains which were on his left hand as he passed from
Smyrna to Vourla, near the site of Clazomenae. (Asia Minor, c. 23.)
KOMANA (Ancient city) TURKEY
A place mentioned in the Peuting. Table in Pontus Polemoniacus, on the road from
Comana to Nicopolis, at a distance of 21 miles from, the former city. There can
be no doubt but that it is the same place as Megalula (Megaloula) mentioned by
Ptolemy (v. 6. § 10); but its exact site cannot be ascertained.
KORYDALLOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Olympus (Olumpos). A volcanic mountain in the east of Lycia, a little
to the north-east of Corydalla. It also bore the name of Phoenicus, and near it
was a large town, likewise bearing the name Olympus. (Strab. xiv. p. 666.) In
another passage (xiv. p. 671) Strabo speaks of a mountain Olympus and a stronghold
of the same name in Cilicia, from which the whole of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia
could be surveyed, and which was in his time taken possession of by the Isaurian
robber Zenicetas. It is, however, generally supposed that this Cilician Olympus
is no other than the Lycian, and that the geographer was led into his mistake
by the fact that a town of the name of Corycus existed both in Lycia and Cilicia.
On the Lycian Olympus stood a temple of Hephaestus. (Comp. Stadiasm. Mar. Mag.
§ 205; Ptol. v. 3. § 3.) Scylax (39) does not mention Olympus, but his Siderus
is evidently no other place. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 189; Fellows, Lycia, pp. 212,
foll.; Spratt and Forbes, Travels in Lycia, i. p. 192.) Mount Olympus now bears
the name Janar Dagh, and the town that of Deliktash; in the latter place, which
was first identified by Beaufort, some ancient remains still exist; but it does
not appear ever to have been a large town, as Strabo calls it.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
KYZIKOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
The river flows into the Propontis near Cyzicus and is mentioned by Homer (Il. 2.825, 12.21).
LATMOS (Mountain) KARIA
Latmicus Sinus (ho Latmikos kolpos), a bay on the western coast of
Caria, deriving its name from Mount Latmus, which rises at the head of the gulf.
It was formed by the mouth of the river Maeander which flowed into it from the
north-east. Its breadth, between Miletus, on the southern head-land, and Pyrrha
in the north, amounted to 30 stadia, and its whole length, from Miletus to Heracleia,
100 stadia. (Strab. xiv. p. 635.) The bay now exists only as an inland lake, its
mouth having been closed up by the deposits brought down by the Maeander, a circumstance
which has misled some modern travellers in those parts to confound the lake of
Baffi the ancient Latmic gulf, with the lake of Myus. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 239
; Chandler, c. 53.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
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