Listed 5 sub titles with search on: The inhabitants for wider area of: "LAZIO Region ITALY" .
ARDEA (Ancient city) ITALY
Rutuli (Rhoutouloi), a people of ancient Italy, who, according to
a tradition generally received in later times, were settled at a very early period
in a part of Latium, adjoining the sea-coast, their capital city being Ardea.
The prominent part that they and their king Turnus bear in the legendary history
of Aeneas and the Trojan settlement, especially in the form in which this has
been worked up by Virgil, has given great celebrity to their name, but they appear
to have been, in fact, even according to these very traditions, a small and unimportant
people. Their king Turnus himself is represented as dependent on Latinus; and
it is certain that in the historical period Ardea was one of the cities of the
Latin League (Dionys. v. 61), while the name of the Rutuli had become merged in
that of the Latin people. Not long before this indeed Livy represents the Rutuli
as a still existing people, and the arms of Tarquinius Superbus as directed against
them when he proceeded to attack Ardea, just before his expulsion. (Liv. i. 56,
57.) According to this narrative Ardea was not taken, but we learn from much better
authority (the treaty between Rome and Carthage preserved by Polybius, iii. 22)
that it had fallen under the power of the Romans before the close of the monarchy,
and it is possible that the extinction of the Rutuli as an independent people
may date from this period. The only other mention of the Rutuli which can be called
historical is that their name is found in the list given by Cato (ap. Priscian.
iv. 4. p. 629) of the cities that took part in the foundation of the celebrated
temple of Diana at Aricia, a list in all probability founded upon some ancient
record; and it is remarkable that they here figure as distinct from the Ardeates.
There were some obscure traditions in antiquity that represented Ardea as founded
by a colony from Argos [ARDEA], and these are regarded by Niebuhr as tending to
prove that the Rutuli were a Pelasgic race. (Nieb. vol. i. p. 44, vol. ii. p.
21.) Schwegler, on the other hand considers them as connected with the Etruscans,
and probably a relic of the period when that people had extended their dominion
throughout Latium and Campania. This theory finds some support in the name of
Turnus, which may probably be connected with Tyrrhenus, as well as in the union
which the legend represents as subsisting between Turnus and the Etruscan king
Mezentius. (Schwegler, Rom. Gesch. vol. i. pp. 330, 331.) But the whole subject
is so mixed up with fable and poetical invention, that it is impossible to feel
confidence in any such conjectures.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
LAZIO (Region) ITALY
Aequi, Aequiculi or Aequiculani (Aikoi and Aikouoi, Strab.; Aikanhoi
Dion. Hal.; Aikouiklhoi, Ptol.; Aikikloi, Diod.), one of the most ancient and
warlike nations of Italy, who play a conspicuous part in the early history of
Rome. They inhabited the mountainous district around the upper valley of the Anio,
and extending from thence to the Lake Fucinus, between the Latins and the Marsi,
and adjoining the Hernici on the east, and the Sabines on the west. Their territory
was subsequently included in Latium, in the more extended sense given to that
name under the Roman empire (Strab. v. p. 228, 231). There appears no doubt that
the Aequiculi or Aequicoli are the same people with the Aequi, though in the usage
of later times the former name was restricted to the inhabitants of the more central
and lofty vallies of the Apennines, while those who approached the borders of
the Latin plain, and whose constant wars with the Romans have made them so familiarly
known to us, uniformly appear under the name of Aequi. It is probable that their
original abode was in the highland districts, to which we find them again limited
at a later period of their history. The Aequiculi are forcibly described by Virgil
as a nation of rude mountaineers, addicted to the chase and to predatory habits,
by which they sought to supply the deficiencies of their rugged and barren soil
(Virg. Aen. vii. 747; Sil. Ital. viii. 371; Ovid. Fast. iii. 93). As the only
town he assigns to them is Nersae, the site of which is unknown, there is some
uncertainty as to the geographical position of the people of whom he is speaking,
but he appears to place them next to the Marsians. Strabo speaks of them in one
passage as adjoining the Sabines near Cures, in another as bordering on the Latin
Way (v. pp. 231, 237): both of which statements are correct, if the name be taken
in its widest signification. The form Aequiculani first appears in Pliny (iii.
12. § 17), who however uses Aequiculi also as equivalent to it: he appears to
restrict the term to the inhabitants of the vallies bordering on the Marsi, and
the only towns he assigns to them are Carseoli and Cliternia At a later period
the name appears to have been almost confined to the population of the upper valley
of the Salto, between Reate and the Lake Fucinus, a district which still retains
the name of Cicolano, evidently a corruption from Aequiculanum.
No indication is found in any ancient author of their origin or descent:
but their constant association with the Volscians would lead us to refer them
to a common stock with that nation, and this circumstance, as well as their position
in the rugged upland districts of the Apennines, renders it probable that they
belonged to the great Oscan or Ausonian race, which, so far as our researches
can extend, may be regarded as the primeval population of a large part of central
Italy. They appear to have received at a later period a considerable amount of
Sabine influence, and probably some admixture with that race, especially where
the two nations bordered on one another: but there is no ground for assuming any
community of origin (Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 72; Abeken, Mittel Italien, pp. 46, 47,
84).
The Aequians first appear in Roman history as occupying the rugged
mountain district at the back of Tibur and Praeneste (both of which always continued
to be Latin towns), and extending from thence to the confines of the Hernicans,
and the valley of the Trerus or Sacco. But they gradually encroached upon their
Latin neighbours, and extended their power to the mountain front immediately above
the plains of Latium. Thus Bola, which was originally a Latin town, was occupied
by them for a considerable period (Liv. iv. 49): and though they were never able
to reduce the strong fortress of Praeneste, they continually crossed the valley
which separated them from the Alban hills and occupied the heights of Mt. Algidus.
The great development of their power was coincident with that of the Volscians,
with whom they were so constantly associated, that it is probable that the names
and operations of the two nations have frequently been confounded. Thus Niebuhr
has pointed out that the conquests assigned by the legendary history to Coriolanus,
doubtless represent not only those of the Volscians, but of the Aequians also:
and the castellum ad lacum Fucinum, which Livy describes (iv. 57) as taken from
the Volscians in B.C. 405, must in all probability have been an Aequian fortress
(Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 72, vol. ii. pp. 244, 259). It is impossible here to recapitulate
the endless petty wars between the Aequians and Romans: the following brief summary
will supply a general outline of their principal features.
The first mention of the Aequi in Roman history is during the reign
of Tarquinius Priscus1 , who waged war with them with great success,
and reduced them to at least a nominal submission (Strab. v. p. 231; Cic. de Rep.
ii. 2. 0). The second Tarquin is also mentioned as having concluded a peace with
them, which may perhaps refer to the same transaction (Liv. i. 55; Niebuhr, vol.
i. p. 359). But it was not till after the fall of the Roman monarchy that they
appear in their more formidable aspect. In B.C. 494 they are first mentioned as
invading the territory of the Latins, which led that people to apply for assistance
to Rome: and from this time forth the wars between the Aequians and Volscians
on the one side, and the Romans assisted by the Latins and Hernicans on the other,
were events of almost regular and annual recurrence ( statum jam ac prope solenne
in singulos annos bellum, Liv. iii. 15). Notwithstanding the exaggerations and
poetical embellishments with which the history of these wars has been disguised,
we may discern pretty clearly three different periods or phases into which they
may be divided. 1. From B.C. 494 to about the time of the Decemvirate B.C. 450
was the epoch of the greatest power and successes of the Aequians. In B.C. 463
they are first mentioned as encamping on Mount Algidus, which from thenceforth
became the constant scene of the conflicts between them and the Romans: and it
seems certain that during this period the Latin towns of Bola, Vitellia, Corbio,
Labicum, and Pedum fell into their hands. The alleged victory of Cincinnatus in
B.C. 458, on which so much stress has been laid by some later writers (Florus
i. 11), appears to have in reality done little to check their progress. 2. From
B.C. 450 to the invasion of the Gauls their arms were comparatively unsuccessful:
and though we find them still contending on equal terms with the Romans and with
many vicissitudes of fortune, it is clear that on the whole they had lost ground.
The great victory gained over them by the dictator A. Postumius Tubertus in B.C.
428 may probably be regarded as the turning-point of their fortunes (Liv. iv.
26-29; Diod. xii. 64; Ovid. Fast. vi. 721; Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 454): and the
year B.C. 415 is the last in which we find them occupying their customary position
on Mount Algidus (Liv. iv. 45). It is not improbable, as suggested by Niebuhr,
that the growing power of the Samnites, who were pressing on the Volscians upon
the opposite side, may have drawn off the forces of the Aequians also to the support
of their allies, and thus rendered them less able to cope with the power of Rome.
But it is certain that before the end of this period most of the towns which they
had conquered from the Latins had been again wrested from their hands. 3. After
the invasion of the Gauls the Aequians appear again in the field, but with greatly
diminished resources: probably they suffered severely from the successive swarms
of barbarian invaders which swept over this part of Italy: and after two unsuccessful
campaigns in B.C. 386 and 385 they appear to have abandoned the contest as hopeless:
nor does their name again appear in Roman history for the space of above 80 years.
But in B.C. 304 the fate of their neighbours the Hernicans aroused them to a last
struggle, which terminated in their total defeat and subjection. Their towns fell
one after another into the hands of the victorious Romans, and the Aequian nation
(says Livy) was almost utterly exterminated (Liv. ix. 45). This expression is
however certainly exaggerated, for we find them again having recourse to arms
twice within the next few years, though on both occasions without success (Liv.
x. 1, 9). It was probably after the last of these attempts that they were admitted
to the rights of Roman citizens: and became included in the two new tribes, the
Aniensis and Terentina, which were created at this period (Cic. de Off. i. 1.
1; Liv. x. 9; Niebuhr, vol. iii. p. 267).
From this time the name of the Aequi altogether disappears from history,
and would seem to have fallen into disuse, being probably merged in that of the
Latins: but those of Aequiculi and Aequiculani still occur for the inhabitants
of the upland and more secluded vallies which were not included within the limits
of Latium, but belonged to the fourth region of Augustus: and afterwards to the
province called Valeria. In Imperial times we even find the Aequiculani in the
valley of the Salto constituting a regular municipal body, so that Res Publica
Aequiculanorum and a Municipium Aequicolanorum are found in inscriptions of that
period (Orell. no. 3931; Ann. dell. Inst. vol. vi. p. 111, not.). Probably this
was a mere aggregation of scattered villages and hamlets such as are still found
in the district of the Cicolano. In the Liber Coloniarum (p. 255) we find mention
of the Ecicylanus ager, evidently a corruption of Aequiculanus, as is shown by
the recurrence of the same form in charters and documents of the middle ages (Holsten.
not. ad Cluver. p. 156).
It is not a little remarkable that the names of scarcely any cities
belonging to the Aequians have been transmitted to us. Livy tells us that in the
decisive campaign of B.C. 304, forty-one Aequian towns were taken by the Roman
consuls (ix. 45): but he mentions none of them by name, and from the ease and
rapidity with which they were reduced, it is probable that they were places of
little importance. Many of the smaller towns and villages now scattered in the
hill country between the vallies of the Sacco and the Anio probably occupy ancient
sites: two of these, Civitella and Olevano, present remains of ancient walls and
substructions of rude polygonal masonry, which may probably be referred to a very
early period (Abeken, Mittel Italien, pp. 140,147; Bullett. dell. Inst. 1841,
p. 49). The numerous vestiges of ancient cities found in the valley of the Salto,
may also belong in many instances to the Aequians, rather than the Aborigines,
to whom they have been generally referred. The only towns expressly assigned to
the Aequiculi by Pliny and Ptolemy are Carseoli in the upper valley of the Turano,
and Cliternia in that of the Salto. To these may be added Alba Fucensis which
we are expressly told by Livy was founded in the territory of the Aequians, though
on account of its superior importance, Pliny ranks the Albenses as a separate
people (Pliny iii. 12. 17; Ptol. iii. 1. § 56; Liv. x. 1). Varia, which is assigned
to the Aequians by several modern writers, appears to have been properly a Sabine
town. Nersae, mentioned by Virgil (Aen. vii. 744) as the chief place of the Aequiculi,
is not noticed by any other writer, and its site is wholly uncertain. Besides
these, Pliny (l. c.) mentions the Comini, Tadiates, Caedici, and Alfaterni as
towns or communities of the Aequiculi, which had ceased to exist in his time:
all four names are otherwise wholly unknown.
1 A tradition, strangely at variance with the other accounts of their habits
and character, represents them as the people from whom the Romans derived the
Jus Fetiale (Liv. i. 32; Dion. Hal. ii. 72). Others with more plausibility referred
this to the Aequi Falisci (Serv. ad Aen. vii. 695).
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited October 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Aborigines, a name given by all the Roman and Greek writers to the earliest
inhabitants of Latium, before they assumed the appellation of Latini. There can
be no doubt that the obvious derivation of this name (ab origine) is the true
one, and that it could never have been a national title really borne by any people,
but was a mere abstract appellation invented in later times, and intended, like
the Autochthones of the Greeks, to designate the primitive and original inhabitants
of the country. The other derivations suggested by later writers,--such as Aberrigines,
from their wandering habits, or the absurd one which Dionysius seems inclined
to adopt, ab oresi, from their dwelling in the mountains,--are mere etymological
fancies, suggested probably with a view of escaping from the difficulty, that,
according to later researches, they were not really autochthones, but foreigners
coming from a distance (Dionys. i. 10; Aur. Vict. Orig. Gent. Rom. 4). Their real
name appears to have been Casci (Saufeius, ap. Serv. ad Aen. i. 6), an appellation
afterwards used among the Romans to signify anything primitive or old-fashioned.
The epithet of Sacrani, supposed by Niebuhr to have been also a national appellation,
would appear to have had. a more restricted sense, and to have been confined to
a particular tribe or subdivision of the race. But it is certainly remarkable
that the name of Aborigines must have been established in general use at a period
as early as the fifth century of Rome; for (if we may trust the accuracy of Dionysius)
it was already used by Callias, the historian of Agathocles, who termed Latinus
king of the Aborigines (Dionys. i. 72): and we find that Lycophron (writing under
Ptolemy .Philadelphus) speaks of Aeneas as founding thirty cities in the land
of the Boreigonoi, a name which is evidently a mere corruption of Aborigines.
(Lycophr. Alex. 1253; Tzetz. ad loc.; Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 80.)
A tradition recorded both by Cato and Varro, and which Niebuhr justly
regards as one of the most credible of those transmitted to us from antiquity,
related that these Aborigines first dwelt in the high mountain districts around
Reate and in the vallies which extend from thence towards the Mt. Velino and the
Lake Fucinus. From. hence they were expelled by the Sabines, who descended upon
them from the still more elevated regions around Amiternum, and drove them forwards
towards the W. coast: yielding to this pressure, they descended into the valley
of the Anio, and from thence gradually extended themselves into the plains of
Latium. Here they came in contact with the Siculi, who were at that time in possession
of the country; and it was not till after a long contest that the Aborigines made
themselves masters of the land, expelled or reduced to slavery its Siculian population,
and extended their dominion not only over Latium itself, but the whole plain between
the Volscian mountains and the sea, and even as far as the river Liris. (Dionys.
i. 9, 10, 13, 14, ii. 49; Cato, ap. Priscian. v. 12. § 65.) In this war we are
told that the Aborigines were assisted by a Pelasgian tribe, with whom they became
in some degree intermingled, and from whom they first learned the art of fortifying
their towns. In conjunction with these allies they continued to occupy the plains
of Latium until about the period of the Trojan war, when they assumed the appellation
of Latini, from their king Latinus. (Dionys. i. 9, 60; Liv. i. 1, 2.)
Whatever degree of historical authority we may attach to this tradition,
there can be no doubt that it correctly represents the fact that the Latin race,
such as we find it in historical times, was composed of two distinct elements:
the one of Pelasgic origin, and closely allied with other Pelasgic races in Italy;
the other essentially different in language and origin. Both these elements are
distinctly to be traced in the Latin language, in which one class of words is
closely related to the Greek, another wholly distinct from it, and evidently connected
with the languages of the Oscan race. The Aborigines may be considered as representing
the non-Pelasgic part of the Latin people; and to them we may refer that portion
of the Latin language which is strikingly dissimilar to the Greek. The obvious
relation of this to the Oscan dialects would at once lead us to the same conclusion
with the historical traditions above related: namely, that the Aborigines or Casci,
a mountain race from the central Apennines, were nearly akin to the Aequi, Volsci,
and other ancient nations of Italy, who are generally included under the term
of Oscans or Ausonians; and as clearly distinct from the tribes of Pelasgic origin,
on the one hand, and from the great Sabellian family on the other. (Niebuhr, vol.
i. p. 78-84; Donaldson, Varronianus, p. 3; Abeken, Mittelitalien, pp. 46, 47.)
Dionysius tells us that the greater part of the cities originally inhabited by
the Aborigines in their mountain homes had ceased to exist in his time; but he
has preserved to us (i. 14) a catalogue of them, as given by Varro in his Antiquities,
which is of [p. 6] much interest. Unfortunately most of. the names contained in
it are otherwise wholly unknown, and the geographical data are not sufficiently
precise to enable us to fix their position with any certainty. The researches
of recent travellers have, however, of late years given increased interest to
the passage in question, by establishing the fact that the neighbourhood of Reate,
and especially the valley of the Salto, a district commonly called the Cicolano,
abound with vestiges of ancient cities, which, from the polygonal, or so-called
Cyclopean style of their construction, have been referred to a very early period
of antiquity. Many attempts have been consequently made to identify these sites
with the cities mentioned by Varro; but hitherto with little success. The most
recent investigations of this subject are those by Martelli (an Italian antiquarian
whose local knowledge gives weight to his opinions) in his Storia dei Siculi (Aquila,
1830, 8vo.), and by Bunsen (Antichi Stabilimenti Italici, in the Annali dell'
Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica, vol. vi. p. 100, seq.). But the complete
diversity of their results proves how little certainty is to be attained. In the
following enumeration of them, we can only attempt to give the description of
the localities according to Varro, and to notice briefly their supposed identifications.
1. Palatium from which the city on the Palatine hill at Rome was supposed to have
derived its name (Varr. de L. L. v. § 53; Solin. 1. § 14), is placed by Varro
at 25 stadia from Reate; and would appear to have been still inhabited in his
time. (See Bunsen, p. 129, whose suggestion of polis oikoumene for poleos oikoumenes
is certainly very plausible.) Ruins of it are said to exist at a place still called
Pallanti, near Torricella, to the right of the Via Salaria, at about the given
distance from Reate. (Martelli, p. 195.) Gell, on the other hand, places it near
the convent of La Foresta, to the N. of Rieti, where remains of a polygonal character
are also found. Bunsen concurs in placing it in this direction, but without fixing
the site.
2. Tribula (Tribola), about 60 stadia from Reate; placed by Bunsen at Santa Felice,
below the modern town of Cantalice, whose polygonal walls were discovered by Dodwell.
Martelli appears to confound it with Tribula Mutusca, from which it is probably
distinct.
3. Suesbula, or Vesbula (the MSS. of Dionysius vary between Suesbola and Ouesbola),
at the same distance (60 stadia) from Tribula, near the Ceraunian Mountains. These
are otherwise unknown, but supposed by Bunsen to be the Monti di Leonessa, and
that Suesbula was near the site of the little city of Leonessa, from which they
derive their name.
4. Suna (Soune), distant 40 stadia from Suesbola, with a very ancient temple of
Mars:
5. Mephyla (Mephula), about 30 stadia from Suna, of which some ruins and traces
of walls were still visible in the time of Varro: and
6. Orvinium (Orouinion), 40 stadia from Mephyla, the ruins of which, as well as
its ancient sepulchres, attested its former magnitude; - are all wholly unknown,
but are probably to be sought between the Monti di Leonessa and the valley of
the Velino. Martelli, however, transfers this whole group of cities (including
Tribula and Suesbula), which are placed by Bunsen to the N. of Rieti, to the vallies
of the Turano and Salto S. of that city. 7. Corsula (Korsoula), a city destroyed
shortly before the time of Varro, is placed by him at 80 stadia from Reate, along
the Via Curia, at the foot of Mt. Coretum. This road is otherwise unknown1
, but was probably that which led from Reate towards Terni (Interamna), and if
so, Corsula must have been on the left bank of the Velinus, but its site is unknown.
In the same direction were:
8. Issa a town situated on an island in a lake, probably the same now called the
Lago del Pie di Lugo : and
9. Marruvium (Marouion), situated at the extremity of the same lake. Near this
were the Septem Aquae the position of which in this fertile valley between Reate
and Interamna is confirmed by their mention in Cicero (ad Att. iv. 15).
10. Returning again to Reate, and proceeding along the valley of the Salto towards
the Lake Fucinus (Dionysius has ten epi Aatinen hodon eisiousin, for which Bunsen
would read ten epi limnen: but in any case it seems probable that this is the
direction meant), Varro mentions first Batia or Vatia (Batia), of which no trace
is to be found: then comes
11. Tiora, surnamed Matiene (Tiora, he kaloumene Matiene), where there was a very
ancient oracle of Mars, the responses of which were delivered by a woodpecker.
This is placed, according to Varro, at 300 stadia from Reate, a distance which
so much exceeds all the others, that it has been supposed to be corrupt; but it
coincides well with the actual distance (36 miles) from Rieti to a spot named
Castore, near Sta. Anatolia, in the upper valley of the Salto, which was undoubtedly
the site of an ancient city, and presents extensive remains of walls of polygonal
construction. (Bunsen, p. 115; Abeken, Mittelitalien, p. 87.) We learn also from
early Martyrologies, that Sta. Anatolia, who has given name to the modem village,
was put to death in civitate Thora, apud lacum Velinum. (Cluver. Ital. p. 684.)
Hence it seems probable that the name of Castore is a corruption of Cas-Tora (Castellum
Torae), and that the ruins visible there are really those of Tiora.2
12. Lista (Aista), called by Varro the metropolis of the Aborigines, is placed
by him, according to our present text of Dionysius, at 24 stadia from Tiora; but
there seem strong reasons for supposing that this is a mistake, and that Lista
was really situated in the immediate neighbourhood of Reate.
13. The last city assigned by Varro to the Aborigines is Cotylia, or Cutilia (Kotulia),
celebrated for its lake, concerning the site of which (between Civita Ducale and
Antrodoco) there exists no doubt.
Among the cities of Latium itself, Dionysius (i. 44, ii. 35) expressly
assigns to the Aborigines the foundation of Antemnae, Caenina, Ficulnea, Tellenae,
and Tibur: some of which were wrested by them from the Siculians, others apparently
new settlements. Little historical dependence can of course be placed on these
statements, but they were probably meant to distinguish the cities in question
from those which were designated by tradition as of Pelasgian origin, or colonies
of Alba.
Sallust (Cat. 6) speaks of the Aborigines as a rude people, without
fixed laws or dwellings, but this is probably a mere rhetorical exaggeration:
it is clear that Varro at least regarded them as possessed of fortified towns,
temples, oracles, &c.; and the native traditions of the Latins concerning Janus
and Saturn indicate that they had acquired all the primitive arts of civilisation
before the period of the supposed Trojan colony.
1 The MSS. of Dionysius have dia tes Iourias hodou, a name which is certainly
corrupt. Some editors would read Iounias, but the emendation of Kourias suggested
by Bunsen is far more probable. For the further investigation of this point, see
Reate
2 Holstenius, however (Not. ad Cluver. p. 114), places Tiora in the valley of
the Turano, at a place called Colle Piccolo, where there is also a celebrated
church of Sta. Anatolia.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited October 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ROME (Ancient city) ITALY
Dwell in west of Europe, at war with Tarentum, make war on Pyrrhus, at war with Carthaginians, aided by Athenians, protect Athenians and Aetolians against Philip, king of Macedonia, make war on Philip, make peace with Philip, at war with Antiochus, king of Syria, conquer Perseus, king of Macedonia, allies of Achaeans and of Attalus, end commissioners to arbitrate between Lacedaemonians and Achaeans, retain Achaean exiles in Italy, make war on Achaeans, sack Corinth, conquer and disarm Greece, dissolve Greek national confederacies but afterwards restore them, make war on Mithridates, capture Athens, grant freedom to Elatea, leave Abae free, rule all Thrace and most of Celtic territory, Roman colonies, Roman governors of Achaia or Greece, Roman personal names, Roman Senate, Roman senator Antoninus builds bath of Aesculapius at Epidaurus, Roman senator wins Olympic victory, Mummius the first Roman to dedicate an offering in a Greek sanctuary, the Roman tongue.
Receive our daily Newsletter with all the latest updates on the Greek Travel industry.
Subscribe now!
