Εμφανίζονται 12 τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Τοπωνύμια στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΚΥΡΗΝΑΪΚΗ Αρχαία χώρα ΛΙΒΥΗ" .
ΚΥΡΗΝΑΪΚΗ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΛΙΒΥΗ
Boreum, Borion (Boreion akron), (Ras Teyonas), a promontory on the
W. coast of Cyrenaica, forming the E. headland of the Greater Syrtis, and the
W. boundary of the Cyrenaic Pentapolis, being a little SW. of Hesperides or Berenice.
(Strab. xvii. p. 836; Plin. v. 4.; Ptol. iv. 4. § 3; Stadiasm. p. 447, where the
error of 700 for 70 is obvious; Barth, Wanderungen, &c. p. 365). Adjacent to the
promontory was a small port; but there was a much more considerable sea-port town
of the same name, further S., which was inhabited by a great number of Jews, who
are said to have ascribed their temple in this place to Solomon. Justinian converted
the temple into a Christian church, compelled the Jews to embrace Christianity,
and fortified the place, as an important post against the attacks of the barbarians
(Itin. Ant. p. 66; Tab. Peut.; Stadiasm. l. c.; Procop. Aedif. vi. 2). The exact
position of this southern Boreum is difficult to determine. (Barth, l. c. Syrtes.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΣΥΡΤΙΚΗ (Αρχαία περιοχή) ΛΙΒΥΗ
Trierum (Trieron or Trieron akron, Ptol. iv. 3. § 13), a headland of the Regio
Syrtica in Africa, Propria. Ritter (Erdk. i. p. 928) identifies it with the promontory
of Cephalae mentioned by Strabo p. 836), the present Cape Cefalo or Mesurata.
Ptolemy indeed mentions this as a separate and adjoining promontory; but as Cefalo
still exhibits three points, it is possible that the ancient names may be connected,
and refer only to this one cape. (See Blaquiere, Letters from the Mediterranean,
i. p. 18; Della Cella, Viaggio, p. 61.)
ΕΥΕΣΠΕΡΙΔΕΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΥΡΗΝΑΪΚΗ
Lathon (Lathon, Strab. xvii. p. 836, where the vulgar reading is Ladon;
comp. xiv. p. 647, where he calls it Lethaios; Ptol. iv. 4. § 4; Lethon, Ptol.
Euerg. ap Ath. ii. p. 71; Fluvius Lethon, Plin. v. 5; Solin. 27; Lethes Amnis,
Lucan ix.355), a river of the Hesperidae or Hesperitae, in Cyrenaica. It rose
in the Herculis Arenae, and fell into the sea a little N. of the city of Hesperides
or Berenice: Strabo connects it with the harbour of the city (limen Hesperidon:
that there is not the slightest reason for altering the reading, as Groskurd and
others do, into limne, will presently appear); and Scylax (p. 110, Gronov.) mentions
the river, which he calls Ecceius (Ekkeios), as in close proximity with the city
and habour of Hesperides. Pliny expressly states that the river was not far from
the city, and places on or near it a sacred grove, which was supposed to represent
the Gardens of the Hesperides (Plin. v. 5: nec procul ante oppidum fluvius Lethon,
lucus sacer, ubi Hesperidum horti memorantur). Athenaeus quotes from a work of
Ptolemy Euergetes praises of its fine pike and eels, somewhat inconsistent, especially
in the mouth of a luxurious king of Egypt, with the mythical sound of the name.
That name is, in fact, plain Doric Greek, descriptive of the character of the
river, like our English Mole. So well does it deserve the name, that it escaped
the notice of commentators and geographers, till it was discovered by Beechey,
as it still flows concealed from such scholars as depend on vague guesses in place
of an accurate knowledge of the localities. Thus the laborious, but often most
inaccurate, compiler Forbiger, while taking on himself to correct Strabo's exact
account, tells us that the river and lake (Strabo's harbour) have now entirely
vanished ; and yet, a few lines down, he refers to a passage of Beechey's work
within a very few pages of the place where the river itself is actually described!
(Forbiger, Handbuch der alten Geographie, vol. ii. p. 828, note.)
The researches made in Beechey's expedition give the following results:
- East of the headland on which stands the ruins of Hesperides or Berenice (now
Bengazi) is a small lake, which communicates with the harbour of the city, and
has its water of course salt. The water of the lake varies greatly in quantity,
according to the season of the year; and is nearly dried up in summer. There are
strong grounds to believe that its waters were more abundant, and its communication
with the harbour more perfect, in ancient times than at present. On the margin
of the lake is a spot of rising ground, nearly insulated in winter, on which are
the remains of ancient buildings. East of this lake again, and only a few yards
from its margin, there gushes forth an abundant spring of fresh water, which empties
itfelf into the lake, running along a channel of inconsiderable breadth, bordered
with reeds and rushes, and might be mistaken by a common observer for an inroad
of the lake into the sandy soil which bounds it. Moreover, this is the only stream
which empties itself into the lake; and indeed the only one found on that part
of the coast of Cyrenaica. Now, even without searching further, it is evident
how well all this answers to the description of Strabo (xvii. p. 836) : - There
is a promontory called Pseudopenias, on which Berenice is situated, beside a certain
Lake of Tritonis (para limnen tina Tritoniada), in which there is generally (malista)
a little island, and a temple of Aphrodite upon it: but there is (or it is) also
the Harbour of Hesperides, and the river Lathon falls into it. It is now evident
how much the sense of the description would be impaired by reading limne for limen
in the last clause; and it matters but little whether Strabo speaks of the river
as falling into the harbour because it fell into the lake which communicated with
the harbour, or whether he means that the lake, which he calls that of Tritonis,
was actually the harbour (that is, an inner harbour) of the city. But the little
stream which falls into the lake is not the only representative of the river Lathon.
Further to the east, in one of the subterranean caves which abound in the neighbourhood
of Bengazi, Beechy found a large body of fresh water, losing itself in the bowels
of tile earth; and the Bey of Bengazi affirmed that he had tracked its subterraneous
course till he doubted the safety of proceeding further, and that he had found
it as much as 30 feet deep. That the stream thus lost in the earth is the same
which reappears in the spring on the margin of the lake, is extremely probable;
but whether it be so in fact, or not, we can hardly doubt that the ancient Greeks
would imagine the connection to exist. (Beechey, Proceedings, &c. pp. 326,
foll.; Barth, Wanderungen, &c. 387.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Augila (ta Augila: Eth. Augilitai, Steph. B.; Augilai, Ptol.; Augilae
or Augylae, Mela and Plin.: Aujelah), an oasis in the desert of Barca, in the
region of Cyrenaica, in N. Africa, about 3 1/2° S. of Cyrene. Herodotus mentions
it as one of the oases formed by salt hills (olonoi halos), which he places at
intervals of 10 days' journey along the ridge of sand which he supposes to form
the N. margin of the Great Desert. His distance of 10 days' W. of the oasis of
Ammon is confirmed by Hornemann, who made the journey with great speed in 9 days;
but the time usually taken by the caravans is 13 days. In the time of Herodotus
the oasis belonged to the Nasamones who then dwelt along the shore from Egypt
to the Great Syrtis; and who, in the summer time, left their flocks on the coast,
and migrated to Augila to gather the dates with which it abounded. (Herod. iv.
172. 182: in the latter passage some MSS. have Aigila.) It was not, however, uninhabited
at other seasons, for Herodotus expressly says, kai anthropoi peri auton oikeousi.
Mela and Pliny, in abridging the statement of Herodotus, have transferred to the
Augilae (by a carelessness which is evident on comparison) what he says of the
Nasamones. (Mela, i. 4, 8; Plin. v. 4, 8.) They place them next to the Garamantes,
at a distance of 12 days' journey. (Plin.) Ptolemy (iv. 5. § 30) mentions the
Augilae and the Nasamones together, in such a manner as to lead to the inference
that the Nasamones, when driven back from the coast by the Greek colonists, had
made the oasis of Augila their chief abode. Stephanus Byzantinus calls Augila
a city.
The oasis, which still retains its ancient name, forms one of the
chief stations on the caravan route from Cairo to Fezzan. It is placed by Rennell
in 30° 3' N. lat. and 22° 46' E. long., 180 miles SE. of Barca, 180 W.
by N. of Siwah (the Ammonium), and 426 E. by N. of Mourzouk. Later authorities
place Aujilah (the village) in 29° 15' N. lat. and 21° 55' E. long. It
consists of three oases, that of Aujilah, properly so called, and those of Jalloo
(Pacho: Mojabra, Hornemann) and Leshkerrehi, a little E. and NE. of the former,
containing several villages, the chief of which is called Aujilah, and supporting
a population of 9000 or 10,000. Each of these oases is a small hill (the kolonos
of Herodotus), covered with a forest of palm-trees, and rising out of an unbroken
plain of red sand, at the S. foot of the mountain range on the S. of Cyrenaica.
The sands around the oasis are impregnated with salts of soda. They are connected
with the N. coast by a series of smaller oases. Augila is still famous for the
palm-trees mentioned by Herodotus and by the Arabian geographer Abulfeda. An interesting
parallel to Herodotus's story of the gathering of the date harvest by the Nasamones
occurs in the case of a similar oasis further to the E., the dates of which are
gathered by the people of Derna on the coast.
According to Procopius (Aedif. vi. 1), there were temples in the oasis,
which Justinian converted into Christian churches. There are still some traces
of ruins to be seen.
(Rennell, Geography of Herodotus, vol. ii. pp. 209, 212, 213, 271; Hornemann,
Journal of Travels from Cairo to Mourzouk; Heeren, Researches, &c., African Nations,
vol. i. p. 213; Pacho, Voyage dans la Marmarique, p. 272.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Automala (Automala, Strab. ii. p. 123; Automalax, Ptol. iv. 4. § 3; Automalaka, Steph. B., Eth. Automalakites and Automalakeus; Automalai, Diod. Sic. xx. 41), a border fortress of Cyrenaica, on the extreme W. frontier, at the very bottom of the Great Syrtis, E. of the Altars of the Philaeni; very probably the Anabucis of the Antonine Itinerary, 25 M. P. E. of Banadedari (the Arae Philaenorum, p. 65). Modern travellers have discovered no vestige of the place. It is mentioned by Diodorus, in connection with the difficult march of Ophellas, to support Agathocles in the Carthaginian territory; and in its neighbourhood was a cave, said to have been the abode of the child-murdering queen Lamia. (Diod. l. c.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
(ta Ouelpa ore, Ptol. iv. 4. § 8), a range of mountains on the W. borders of Cyrenaica,
in which were the sources of the river Lathon.
Giglius (to Giglion oros, vulgo GigioW), a mountain in the interior
of Cyrenaica. (Ptol. iv. 3. § 20.)
ΣΥΡΤΙΚΗ (Αρχαία περιοχή) ΛΙΒΥΗ
Triton (ho Triton potamos, Ptol. iv. 3. § 19, &c.), a river of Libya,
forming, according to Ptolemy, the boundary of the Regio Syrtica towards the W.
It rose in Mount Vasalaetus, and, flowing in a northerly direction, passed through
three lakes, the Libya Palus, the lake Pallas, and the lake Tritonitis (he Tritonitis
limne, Ib.); after which it fell into the sea in the innermost part of the Syrtis
Minor between Macmada and Tacape, but nearer to the latter.
The lake Tritonitis of Ptolemy is called, however, by other writers Tritonis
(he Tritonis limne, Herod. iv. 179). Herodotus seems to confound it with the Lesser
Syrtis itself; but Scylax (p. 49), who gives it a circumference of 1000 stadia,
describes it as connected with the Syrtis by a narrow opening, and as surrounding
a small island,--that called by Herodotus (Ib. 178) Phla (Phlha), which is also
mentioned by Strabo (xvii. p. 836), as containing a temple of Aphrodite, and by
Dionysius. (Perieg. 267.) This lake Tritonis is undoubtedly the. present Schibkah-el-Lovdjah,
of which, according to Shaw (Travels, i. p. 237), the other two lakes are merely
parts; whilst the river Triton is the present El-Hammah. This river, indeed, is
no longer connected with the lake (Shaw, Ib.); a circumstance, however, which
affords no essential ground for doubting the identity of the two streams; since
in those regions even larger rivers are sometimes compelled by the quicksands
to alter their course. (Cf. Ritter, Erdkunde, i. p. 1017). Scylax (l. c.) mentions
also.another island called Tritonos (Tritonos) in the Syrtis Minor, which last
itself is, according to him, only part of a large Sinus Tritonites (Tritonites
kolpos).
Some writers confound the lake Tritonis with the lake of the Hesperides,
and seek it in other districts of Libya; sometimes in Mauretania, in the neighbourhood
of Mount Atlas and the Atlantic Ocean, sometimes in Cyrenaica near Berenice and
the river Lathon or Lethon. The latter hypothesis is adopted by Lucan (ix. 346,
seq.), the former by Diodorus Siculus (iii. 53), who also attributes to it an
island inhabited by the Amazons.. But Strabo (l. c.) especially distinguishes
the lake of the Hesperides from the lake Tritonis.
With this lake is connected the question of the epithet Tritogeneia, applied
to Pallas as early as the days of Homer and Hesiod. But though the Libyan river
and lake were much renowned in ancient times (cf. Aeschyl. Eum. 293; Eurip. Ion,
872, seq.; Pind. Pyth. iv.. 36, &c.), and the application of the name of Pallas
to the lake connected with the Tritonis seems to point to these African waters
as having given origin to the epithet, it is nevertheless most probable that the
brook Triton near Alalcomenae in Boeotia has the best pretensions to that distinction.
(Cf. Pausan. ix. 33. § 5; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 109,. iv. 1315; Muller,
Orchomenos, p. 355; Leake, Northern Greece vol. ii. p. 136, seq.; Kruse, Hellas,
vol. ii. pt. 1 p. 475.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
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