Εμφανίζονται 100 (επί συνόλου 537) τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Πληροφορίες για τον τόπο στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ & ΘΡΑΚΗ Περιφέρεια ΕΛΛΑΔΑ" .
ΔΙΔΥΜΟΤΕΙΧΟ (Πόλη) ΕΒΡΟΣ
Η προέλευση του ονόματος Διδυμότειχο απασχόλησε από παλιά τους ερευνητές.
Σήμερα έχει πλέον οριστικά απορριφθεί η άποψη ότι ήθελε την πόλη να παίρνει το
όνομά της από το προτείχισμα που ως δεύτερο τείχος εκτείνεται μπροστά από την
οχύρωση στο βορειανατολικό της τμήμα. Γενικά αποδεκτό είναι πλέον, ότι Διδυμότειχο
σημαίνει "διδυμάρικο κάστρο", δύο δηλαδή οχυρωματικούς περιβόλους, έναν
στο λόφο της Αγίας Πέτρας, στο νοτιοανατολικό άκρο της πόλης, όπου και η ρωμαϊκή
Πλωτινούπολη και τον άλλο στο δυτικό, επί του λόφου Καλέ, όπου και σώζεται το
βυζαντινό κάστρο. Η σχέση των δύο αυτών κάστρων ήταν για κάποια περίοδο παράλληλη
κατά το σχήμα Β.
Το κάστρο του Διδυμοτείχου είναι ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα και σημαντικότερα
των Βαλκανίων. Τα τείχη σώζονται σε μήκος περίπου 1 χιλιομέτρου και ύψους έως
12 μ. Η επιμήκης τοιχοδομία διακόπτεται από τετράγωνους, κυκλικούς ή πενταγωνικούς
πύργους. Κατά διαστήματα σώζεται η πρώτη φάση των τειχών, μια τυπική Ιουστινιάνεια
τοιχοποιία που καλύπτεται από εκτεταμένες επισκευές προερχόμενες από όλες τις
περιόδους της βυζαντινής και της πρώιμης οθωμανικής ιστορίας.
Από τις πύλες εντυπωσιάζουν οι διπλές "Νερόπορτες", στο
ΝΔ άκρο του περιβόλου, δίπλα στο ποτάμι. Η κεντρική προς την κάτω πόλη πύλη θα
ήταν οι Καλέπορτες ή Καστρόπορτες, ενώ οι Σαραϊόπορτες θα οδηγούσαν, όπως φανερώνει
και το όνομά τους στα ανάκτορα, στο υψηλότερο σημείο του λόφου.
Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζουν τα μονογράμματα επί των πύργων.
Σε μεσοβυζαντινό τετράγωνο πύργο της Βορειοανατολικής πλευράς διαβάζουμε χαραγμένο
σε πλάκα το "ΚΟΜΝΗΝΟΥ". Επάνω σε κάποιους από τους στρογγυλούς πύργους
που όπως και το σύνολος των τειχών γνώρισαν εκτεταμένη επισκευή στα 1351/2 συναντάμε
το μονόγραμμα του τότε στρατιωτικού διοικητή της πόλης υπό τον Ιωάννη ΣΤ Καντακουζηνό,
πρωτοστράτορα Κωνσταντίνου Ταρχανειώτη. Ο ένας από τους πύργους αυτούς, ο νοτιοανατολικός,
είναι γνωστός ως πύργος της βασιλοπούλας και συνδέεται με την γνωστή παράδοση
της πτώσης της από τις επάλξεις μετά την κατάληψη της πόλης από τους Οθωμανούς
Τούρκους.
Στο Βόρειο άκρο της οχύρωσης συναντάμε μέσα στο ποτάμι στρογγυλό πύργο,
το Πεντάζωνο που αποτελούσε το πηγάδι-δεξαμενή για την συγκέντρωση του νερού σε
καταστάσεις αποκλεισμού του κάστρου.
Μέσα στο κάστρο μπορεί κανείς να δει τα λαξευμένα στο μαλακό ασβεστολιθικό
βράχο υπόσκαφα, τους βοηθητικούς χώρους, αποθήκες ή δεξαμενές των οικιών των βυζαντινών
κατοίκων του οικισμού. Επίσης το υστεροβυζαντινό ταφικό ναϋδριο της Αγίας Αικατερίνης
και το ταφικό, κτισμένο από βασιλικό ζεύγος παρεκκλήσι δίπλα-δίπλα με τη "φυλακή
του Καρόλου του ΙΒ, βασιλιά της Σουηδίας" που πέρασε ένα χρόνο περιορισμένος
στην πόλη. Ακόμη τους μεταβυζαντινούς ναούς με τα θαυμάσια ξυλόγλυπτα τέμπλα,
το προσκυνητάρι του Αγίου Δημητρίου με την εντοιχισμένη βυζαντινή επιτύμβια στήλη
του Ανδρόνικου Ραούλ Ασάνη Παλαιολόγου και άλλα, ενώ οι επιχώσεις αιώνων κρύβουν
πολλά περισσότερα για τους ερευνητές.
Όλα αυτά αποτελούν τα ίχνη μίας λαμπρής ιστορίας που έφθασε στο απόγειό
της κατά τους υστεροβυζαντινούς χρόνους, όταν η πόλη αποτέλεσε μια δεύτερη πρωτεύουσα
της Αυτοκρατορίας, έδρα αυτοκράτορα στους εμφυλίους πολέμους του 14ου αιώνα, λίκνο
γέννησης αυτοκρατόρων, τόπο συγκέντρωσης της στρατιάς, υποδοχής ξένων επισήμων,
φυλάκισης των επικίνδυνων αντιπάλων του καθεστώτος, αγαπημένο τόπο για κυνήγι.
Εδώ φόρεσε το 1341 ο Ιωάννης ο ΣΤ ο Καντακουζηνός το αυτοκρατορικό στέμμα, εδώ
αγορεύθηκε από τους ντόπιους αυτοκράτορας ο Θεόδωρος Αγγελος της Θεσσαλονίκης,
εδώ γεννήθηκαν ο Ιωάννης Γ Βατάτζης και ο πορφυρογέννητος Ιωάννης Ε Παλαιολόγος.
Το Διδυμότειχο αποτέλεσε και την πρώτη επί ευρωπαϊκού εδάφους πρωτεύουσα των Οθωμανών
Τούρκων, μετά την κατάληψή του, στις αρχές της έβδομης δεκαετίας του 14ου αιώνα.
Η πόλη και το κάστρο της απελευθερώθηκαν το Μάιο του 1920, μετά από
560 χρόνια δουλείας.
Το κείμενο (απόσπασμα) παρατίθεται τον Σεπτέμβριο 2003 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο
του Δήμου Διδυμοτείχου.
ΔΡΑΜΑ (Νομός) ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
Ένας από τους παράγοντες που συνθέτουν τη φυσιογνωμία του νομού Δράμας
είναι το νερό. Το υδάτινο στοιχείο έχει έντονη παρουσία σ’ όλη την περιοχή
σχηματίζοντας υδάτινα οικοσυστήματα που συμβάλλουν καθοριστικά στο τοπίο και στο
φυσικό περιβάλλον του νομού. Το νομό Δράμας διασχίζει ο ποταμός Νέστος,
ο οποίος με τις λίμνες και τα ρέματά του, παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στο ορεινό τοπίο
της περιοχής. Πολλοί οι παραπόταμοι και τα ρέματα που συλλέγουν τα νερά στο έδαφος
του νομού και χύνονται στο Νέστο.
Στην οροσειρά της Κεντρικής Ροδόπης και από δυτικά χύνονται οι Δεσπάτης, ο Μουσδέλης,
το Μεγάλο Ρέμα, το Διαβολόρεμα και το Αρκουδόρεμα. Τα ποτάμια αυτά με τα ρέματά
τους δημιουργούν υδάτινους σχηματισμούς (καταρράκτες Φρακτού, Στραβορέματος, κ.ά)
εξαιρετικής και σπάνιας ομορφιάς.
Στη θέση Θερμιά Παρανεστίου
υπάρχουν οι ομώνυμες πηγές με θερμά ιαματικά νερά. Ήδη έχει αρχίσει η αξιοποίησή
τους από το δήμο Παρανεστίου
και σύντομα θα αποτελέσουν μια σύγχρονη λουτρόπολη. Ανατολικά του Δασικού Χωριού
Ελατιάς και σε απόσταση 7χλμ
υπάρχει το Στραβόρεμα, το οποίο διαπερνώντας ένα μικρό λιβάδι δημιουργεί εντυπωσιακούς
μαιανδρισμούς. Η θέση είναι μια από τις ομορφότερες περιοχές στη Ροδόπη και έχει
εγκαταστάσεις υπαίθριας αναψυχής. Στη δυτική πλευρά της πεδιάδας της Δράμας
βρίσκεται ο Αγγίτης ποταμός
που πηγάζει με εντυπωσιακό τρόπο από τις πηγές-σπήλαιο Αγγίτη,
και, αφού συλλέξει όλα τα νερά της πεδιάδας της Δράμας,
χύνεται στο Στρυμόνα.
Η πεδιάδα της Δράμας
έχει πλούσιο υδρογραφικό δίκτυο που προέρχεται από τις πηγές Κεφαλαρίου,
Δράμας και Μυλοπόταμου.
Τα νερά αυτά, με τα αντίστοιχα ρέματα Βοϊράνης, Αγίας Βαρβάρας και Μυλοπόταμου,
εμπλέκονται στο αρδευτικό δίκτυο της πεδιάδας και τελικά χύνονται στην τεχνητή
τάφρο Φιλίππων, η οποία συμβάλλει
στον Αγγίτη. Οι πηγές της
Δράμας χαρακτηρίζουν τη μορφή
της πόλης προσδίδοντας ένα ιδιαίτερο χρώμα στο αστικό τοπίο της. Ο υδάτινος πλούτος
της Δράμας, με επιφανειακά και υπόγεια νερά, αποτελεί από μόνος πόλο έλξης αλλά
και προσθέτει στο φυσικό και αστικό περιβάλλον το απαραίτητο στοιχείο, το νερό,
συμβάλλοντας έτσι στην αισθητική αναβάθμιση του νομού.
(Κείμενο: Μιχάλης Μαναρίδης)
Το κείμενο (απόσπασμα) παρατίθεται το Φεβρουάριο 2004 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο
της Νομαρχιακής Αυτοδιοίκησης
Δράμας (2000).
Οι πηγές του νομού Δράμας, οι οποίες είναι στην πλειονότητά τους καρστικές,
οφείλουν την ύπαρξή τους στην παρουσία μαρμάρων στους ορεινούς όγκους της περιοχής.
Τα μάρμαρα είναι πετρώματα διαπερατά από το νερό και εμφανίζουν έναν ιδιαίτερο
τρόπο διάλυσης - διάβρωσης κατά την κίνηση του νερού μέσα σε αυτά. Το νερό της
βροχής διηθούμενο από την επιφάνεια της γης ακολουθεί τα συστήματα κατατμήσεων
των μαρμάρων και διαλύει το ανθρακικό ασβέστιο από το οποίο αποτελούνται, δημιουργώντας
υπόγειους καρστικούς αγωγούς, έγκοιλα, σπήλαια, καταβόθρες και άλλες μορφές καρστικής
διάβρωσης. Με αυτό τον τρόπο, το νερό ακολουθώντας υπόγειες διαδρομές καταλήγει
σε χαμηλότερες υψομετρικά περιοχές, σχηματίζοντας πηγές όπως εκείνες της Δράμας,
του Μυλοπόταμου, του Κεφαλαρίου
και του Αγγίτη.
(Κείμενο: Μιχάλης Μαναρίδης)
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται το Φεβρουάριο 2004 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο
της Νομαρχιακής Αυτοδιοίκησης
Δράμας (2000).
ΘΡΥΛΟΡΙΟ (Κωμόπολη) ΚΟΜΟΤΗΝΗ
Κοντά στον εθνικό δρόμο Κομοτηνής-
Αλεξανδρούπολης, στο ύψος
του χωριού Θρυλόριο, λειτουργεί από το 1978 οργανωμένη Βιομηχανική Περιοχή, από
τις μεγαλύτερες στην Ελλάδα,
η οποία καταλαμβάνει έκταση 4.332 στρεμμάτων με προγραμματισμένους χώρους πρασίνου
και εσωτερικό οδικό δίκτυο. Στο χώρο αυτό λειτουργεί το Διεθνές Εκθεσιακό Κέντρο
Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας και Θράκης σε μόνιμες εγκαταστάσεις, στις οποίες γίνονται
περιοδικές εκθέσεις.
(Κείμενο: Βάντα Παπαϊωάννου- Βουτσά)
Το κείμενο (απόσπασμα) παρατίθεται το Δεκέμβριο 2003 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο της Περιφέρειας
Ανατ. Μακεδονίας - Θράκης.
ΚΟΜΟΤΗΝΗ (Πόλη) ΡΟΔΟΠΗ
Στη ΒΙ.ΠΕ Κομοτηνής λειτουργεί ο Ενεργειακός Σταθμός της ΔΕΗ, που
χρησιμοποιεί ως καύσιμο το φυσικό αέριο και θα ολοκληρωθεί με την υλοποίηση των
δικτύων διανομής φυσικού αερίου για αστική και βιομηχανική κατανάλωση.
(Κείμενο: Βάντα Παπαϊωάννου- Βουτσά)
Το κείμενο (απόσπασμα) παρατίθεται το Δεκέμβριο 2003 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο της Περιφέρειας
Ανατ. Μακεδονίας - Θράκης.
ΝΕΣΤΟΣ (Ποταμός) ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
Σήμερα έχουν κατασκευαστεί και λειτουργούν τα δύο φράγματα του Θησαυρού
και της Πλατανόβρυσης και
συγχρόνως έχουν δημιουργηθεί στα ανάντη τους οι δύο αντίστοιχες λίμνες. Τα πρανή
του ποταμού Νέστου και των λιμνών του καλύπτονται κυρίως με δρυοδάση, με την παρόχθια
βλάστηση και εκείνη κατά μήκος των ρεμάτων να είναι περισσότερο υδροχαρής.
Η πανίδα στην παραλίμνια περιοχή περιλαμβάνει κυρίως τη βίδρα (Lutra
lutra) αλλά και τα ζώα που μετακινούνται σε όλη την ευρύτερη περιοχή, όπως: αρκούδα,
λύκος, αλεπού, αγριόγατος, ζαρκάδι, αγριογούρουνο, λαγός κ.ά.
Η ιχθυοπανίδα των λιμνών είναι πλούσια σε ποσότητες και περιλαμβάνει
κέφαλους (Leuciscus cefalus, Otthrias brandti), μπριάνες (Barbus meridionalis,
B. plebejus), σύρτες (Chondrostoma varbarensis), ενώ στα ρέματα υπάρχουν οι πέστροφες
(Salmo trutta macrostigma, S. trutta fario).
Η πρόσβαση και επίσκεψη στα φράγματα γίνεται από το Παρανέστι.
(Κείμενο: Μιχάλης Μαναρίδης)
Το κείμενο (απόσπασμα) παρατίθεται το Φεβρουάριο 2004 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο
της Νομαρχιακής Αυτοδιοίκησης
Δράμας (2000).
ΡΟΔΟΠΗ (Νομός) ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
Ο νομός Ροδόπης είναι από τη γεωγραφική του θέση ένας προνομιακός
χώρος, αφού αποτελεί έναν ενδιάμεσο σημαντικό σταθμό επάνω στον κύριο άξονα επικοινωνίας
μεταξύ Θεσσαλονίκης και Αλεξανδρούπολης
αλλά και βασική οδική δίοδο από τις υπόλοιπες χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης προς
την Τουρκία και την Ασία
γενικότερα. Η ολοκλήρωση της Εγνατίας Οδού κατά το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα της έχει ήδη
αναβαθμίσει την οδική επικοινωνία προς τον Έβρο
και τα ανατολικά σύνορα αλλά και προς τη Θεσσαλονίκη.
Οι κάθετοι άξονες επικοινωνίας σε κομβικά σημεία της Εγνατίας οδού, οι οποίοι
έχουν μελετηθεί, θα διευρύνουν το οδικό δίκτυο προς τα βόρεια σύνορα και θα διευκολύνουν
τις διεξόδους προς το Αιγαίο.
Οι συγκοινωνίες του νομού εξυπηρετούν τους ταξιδιώτες με αρκετά δρομολόγια όλο
το εικοσιτετράωρο προς Θεσσαλονίκη
και Αθήνα, όπως και προς τις
διάφορες διαδρομές εντός και εκτός του νομού. Πρόσθετο πλεονέκτημα για το νομό
αποτελεί η σιδηροδρομική του σύνδεση και η εξυπηρέτηση των κατοίκων από τα αεροδρόμια
“Δημόκριτος” της Αλεξανδρούπολης
και “Μέγας Αλέξανδρος” της Χρυσούπολης.
Η ορεινή ζώνη του νομού, την οποία διασχίζει το ευρωπαϊκό ορειβατικό
μονοπάτι Ε6, παρέχει στον επισκέπτη ευκαιρίες για δραστηριότητες μέσα σε μια παρθένα
φύση, υγιεινό περιβάλλον και σπάνιας ομορφιάς και βιοποικιλότητας πανίδα και χλωρίδα.
Από τον ορεινό όγκο της Ροδόπης
πηγάζουν ορμητικοί χείμαρροι (Ασπρόρεμα, Τραύος, Λίσσος,
Κομψάτος και άλλοι μικρότεροι),
οι οποίοι διαρρέουν την πεδινή έκταση και καταλήγουν στο Αιγαίο
Πέλαγος. Η δασική παραγωγή είναι ένας σημαντικός παράγοντας της οικονομίας.
Η πεδιάδα της Ροδόπης είναι ένας εύφορος τόπος με αγροτικές καλλιέργειες
(σιτάρι, καλαμπόκι, βαμβάκι, τεύτλα, ηλίανθο, καπνά, κλπ) και κτηνοτροφία. Η τοπική
οικονομία στηρίζεται κατεξοχήν στους πλουτοπαραγωγικούς πόρους της (πρωτογενής
τομέας). Στο δευτερογενή τομέα υπήρξαν τα τελευταία χρόνια θετικές εξελίξεις με
την αύξηση των μεταποιητικών επιχειρήσεων. Η αγροτική παραγωγή αξιοποιείται επιτόπια
μόνο κατά 58%. Αρκετά παραδοσιακά προϊόντα (σκόρδα, κρεμμύδια, φυσικά αρωματικά
φυτά) συνήθως πωλούνται νωπά χωρίς επεξεργασία και συσκευασία. Το εμπόριο, οι
υπηρεσίες και οι κατασκευές (τριτογενής τομέας) έρχονται δεύτερα σε σημαντικότητα
μετά τον πρωτογενή τομέα.
Τα τελευταία χρόνια η περιοχή της Ροδόπης βαδίζει με σταθερούς ρυθμούς
ανάπτυξης χάρη στην αναπτυξιακή δυναμική, που της προσδίδουν ευνοϊκά για επενδύσεις
στην περιοχή κίνητρα.
Ο πληθυσμός του νομού Ροδόπης είναι φιλόξενος και διατηρεί ζωντανή
την παράδοση, την ιστορία, τα έθιμα, τις γιορτές και τα πανηγύρια σε κάθε χωριό
και κάθε πόλη του και προσκαλεί τον επισκέπτη να τα ζήσει μαζί του.
(Κείμενο: Βάντα Παπαϊωάννου- Βουτσά)
Το κείμενο (απόσπασμα) παρατίθεται το Δεκέμβριο 2003 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο της Περιφέρειας
Ανατ. Μακεδονίας - Θράκης.
ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ & ΘΡΑΚΗ (Περιφέρεια) ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
ΦΕΡΕΣ (Δήμος) ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥΠΟΛΗ
ΠΡΟΣΟΤΣΑΝΗ (Κωμόπολη) ΔΡΑΜΑ
ΑΒΔΗΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΞΑΝΘΗ
Abdera (ta Abdera, also Abderon or -os; Abdera,-orum, Liv. xlv. 29;
Abdera,-ae, Plin. xxv. 53: Eth. Abderites, Abderites or -ita: Adj. Abderitikos,
Abderiticus, Abderitanus), a town upon the southern coast of Thrace, at some distance
to the E. of the river Nestus. Herodotus, indeed, in one passage (vii. 126), speaks
of the river as flowing through Abdera (6 ho di Habderon rheon Nestos, but cf.
c. 109, kata Abdera). According to mythology, it was founded by Heracles in honour
of his favourite Abderus. (Strab. p. 331.) History, however, mentions Timesius
or Timesias of Clazomenae as its first founder. (Herod. i. 168.) His colony was
unsuccessful, and he was driven out by the Thracians. Its date is fixed by Eusebius,
B.C. 656. In B.C. 541, the inhabitants of Teos, unable to resist Harpagus, who
had been left by Cyrus, after his capture of Sardis, to complete the subjugation
of Ionia, and unwilling to submit to him, took ship and sailed to Thrace, and
there recolonised Abdera. (Herod. l. c.; Scymnus Chius, 665; Strab. p. 644.) Fifty
years afterwards, when Xerxes invaded Greece, Abdera seems to have become a place
of considerable importance, and is mentioned as one of the cities which had the
expensive honour of entertaining the great king on his .march into Greece. (Herod.
vii. 120.) On his flight after the battle of Salamis, Xerxes stopped at Abdera,
and acknowledged the hospitality of its inhabitants by presenting them with a
tiara and scymitar of gold. Thucydides (ii. 97) mentions Abdera as the westernmost
limit of the kingdom of the Odrysae when at its height at the beginning of the
Peloponnesian war. In B.C. 408 Abdera was reduced under the power of Athens by
Thrasybulus, then one of the Athenian generals in that quarter. (Diod. xiii. 72.)
Diodorus speaks of it as being then in a very flourishing state. The first blow
to its prosperity was given in a war in which it was engaged B.C. 376 with the
Triballi, who had at this time become one of the most powerful tribes of Thrace.
After a partial success, the Abderitae were nearly cut to pieces in a second engagement,
but were rescued by Chabrias with an Athenian force. (Diod. xv. 36.) But little
mention of Abdera occurs after this. Pliny speaks of it as being in his time a
free city (iv. 18). In later times it seems to have sunk into a place of small
repute. It is said in the middle ages to have had the name of Polystylus. Dr.
Clarke (Travels, vol. iii. p. 422) mentions his having searched in vain on the
east bank of the Nestus for any traces of Abdera, probably from imagining it to
have stood close to the river. Abdera was the birthplace of several famous persons:
among others, of the philosophers Protagoras, Democritus, and Anaxarchus. In spite
of this, its inhabitants passed into a proverb for dullness and stupidity. (Juv.
x. 50; Martial, x. 25. 4; Cic. ad Att. iv. 1. 6, vii. 7.) Mullets from Abdera
were considered especial dainties (Athen. p. 118). It was also famous for producing
the cuttle-fish (Id. p. 324).
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ΑΓΓΙΤΗΣ (Παραπόταμος) ΔΡΑΜΑ
Angites (Angites: Anghista), a river of Macedonia, flowing into the lake Cercinitis, about 6 or 8 miles to the N of Amphipolis. (Herod. vii. 113; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 183.)
ΔΙΔΥΜΟΤΕΙΧΟ (Πόλη) ΕΒΡΟΣ
Didymoteichos (Didumoteichos), a Thracian town opposite to Plotinopolis,
situated not far from the point where the Eurus empties itself into the Hebrus,
on an island of the former. It is now called Demotica. (Nicet. Chr. p. 404.)
ΔΙΚΑΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΒΔΗΡΑ
Dikaia. a Greek port town on the coast of Thrace on lake Bistonis, in the country
of the Bistones. The place appears to have decayed at an early period. Some identify
it with the modern Curnu, and others with Bauron.
ΔΟΡΙΣΚΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥΠΟΛΗ
Doriskos. a coast town of Thrace, in a plain west of the river Hebrus,
which is hence called the plain of Doriscus (Dopiskos pedion). During the expedition
of Darius the place was taken and fortified by the Persians; and in this plain
Xerxes reviewed his forces before commencing his march against Greece. In the
time of Livy it appears to have been only a fort - castellum. The neighbourhood
of Doriscus is now called the plain of Romigik.
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ΔΡΥΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΣΑΜΟΘΡΑΚΙΚΗ ΠΕΡΑΙΑ
ΕΒΡΟΣ (Ποταμός) ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ & ΘΡΑΚΗ
Hebrus (Hebros: Maritza), the principal river of Thrace, has its sources
near the point where mount Scomius joins mount Rhodope, in the northwestern corner
of Thrace. Its course at first has a south-eastern direction; but below Adrianopolis
it takes a south-western turn, and continues to flow in that direction until it
reaches the Aegaean near Aenos. (Thucyd. ii. 96; Plin. iv. 18; Aristot. Meteor.
i. 13.) The tributaries of the Hebrus are so numerous and important, that it becomes
navigable even at Philippolis, while near its mouth it becomes really a large
river. (Herod. vii. 59.) Near its mouth it divides itself into two branches, the
eastern one of which forms lake Stentoris. (Herod. vii. 58; Acropolita, p. 64.)
The most important among its tributaries are the Suemus, Arda, Artiscus, Tonsus,
and Agrianes. About Adrianople the basin of the Hebrus is very extensive; but
south of that city it becomes narrower, the mountains on both sides approaching
more closely to the river. During the winter the Hebrus is sometimes frozen over.
(Comp. Herod. iv. 90; Polyb. xxxiv. 13; Eurip. Here. Fur. 386; Strab. vii. pp.
322, 329, xiii. p. 590; Ptol. iii. 11. § 2; Arrian, Anab. i. 11; Mela, ii. 2;
Virg. Eel. x. 65, Georg. iv. 463, 524; Val. Flac. ii. 515, iv. 463, viii. 228.)
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ΗΙΩΝ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΑΒΑΛΑ
Eion: Eth. Eioneus. A town and fortress situated at the mouth of the
Strymon, 25 stadia from Amphipolis, of which it was the harbour. (Thuc. iv. 102.)
Xerxes, on his return after the defeat at Salamis, sailed from Eion to Asia. (Herod.
viii. 118.) The Persian Boges was left in command of the town, which was captured,
after a desperate resistance, by the Athenians and their confederates, under Cimon.
(Herod. vii. 107; Thuc. i. 98; comp. Paus. viii. 8. § 2.) Brasidas attacked it
by land and by boats on the river, but was repulsed by Thucydides, who had come
from Thasos with his squadron in time to save it. (Thuc. iv. 107.) It was occupied
by Cleon; and the remains of his army, after their defeat at Amphipolis, mustered
again at Eion. (Thuc. v. 10.) Extensive ruins of thick walls, constructed of small
stones and mortar, among which appear many squared blocks in the Hellenic style,
have been found on the left bank of the Strymon beyond the ferry. These ruins
belong to the Byzantine period, and have been attributed to a town of the Lower
Empire, Komitisse, which the Italians have converted into Contessa. These remains
at the ferry stand nearly, if not exactly, on the site of Eion on the Strymon.
(Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 172.)
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ΘΑΣΟΣ (Νησί) ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ & ΘΡΑΚΗ
Thasos (Thasos, sometimes Thassos: Eth. Thasios: Thaso or Tasso),
an island in the N. of the Aegaean sea, off the coast of Thrace, and distant only
3 1/4 miles from the plain of the river Nestus or Kara-Su. It was distant half
a day's sail from Amphipolis (Thuc. iv. 104), and 32 miles from Abdera. (Plin.
iv. 12. s. 23.) It was also called Aeria or Aethra (Plin. l. c.; Steph. B. s.
v.) and Chryse, from its gold mines (Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 517), which were
the chief source of the prosperity of the island. The earliest known inhabitants
of Thasos were the Phoenicians, who were doubtless attracted to the island by
its valuable mines, but who are said to have come thither in search of Europa,
five generations before the birth of the Grecian Hercules. They were led by Thasos,
the son of Agenor, from whom the island derived its name. (Herod. ii. 44, vi.
47; Paus. v. 25. § 12; Scymn. 660; Conon, c. 37; Steph. B. s. v.) Thasos was afterwards
colonised in Ol. 15, or 18 (B.C. 720 or 708) by settlers from Paros, led by Telesicles,
the father of the poet Archilochus. (Thuc. iv. 104; Strab. ix. p. 487; Clem. Alex.
Strom. i. p. 144; Euseb. Praep. Ev. vi. 7.) There also existed at that time in
the island a Thracian tribe called Saians, with whom the Parian settlers carried
on war, but not always successfully; and on one occasion Archilochus was obliged
to throw away his shield. (Archiloch. Fragm. 5, ed. Schneidewin; Aristoph. Pac.
1298, with the Schol.) The Greek colony rapidly rose in power, and obtained valuable
possessions on the adjoining mainland, which contained even richer mines than
those in the island. Shortly before the Persian invasion, the clear surplus revenue
of the Thasians was 200, and sometimes even 300 talents yearly (46,000l., 66,000l.),
of which Scapte Hyle produced 80 talents, and the mines in the island rather less.
(Herod. vi. 46.) Besides Scapte Hyle the Thasians also possessed upon the mainland
Galepsus and Oesyma (Thuc. iv. 107; Diod. xii. 68), Stryme (Herod. vii. 118; Suid.
s. v. Strume), Datum, and at a later period Crenides. (Bockh, Publ. Econ. of Athens,
p. 312, Engl. tr.) Herodotus, who visited Thasos, says that the most remarkable
mines were those worked by the Phoenicians on the eastern side of the island between
Aenyra and Coenyra opposite Samothrace, where a large mountain had been overturned
in search of the gold. (Herod. vi. 47.) The Thasians appear to have been the only
Greeks who worked the valuable mines in Thrace, till Histiaeus, the Milesian,
settled upon the Strymon and built the town of Myrcinus, about B.C. 511. (Herod.
v. 11, 23.) After the capture of Miletus (B.C. 494), Histiaeus made an unsuccessful
attempt to subdue Thasos (Herod. vi. 28), but the growing power of the Thasians
excited the suspicions of Dareius, who commanded them in B.C. 492 to pull down
their fortifications and remove their ships of war to Abdera,-an order which they
did not venture to disobey. (Herod. vi. 46.) When Xerxes marched through Thrace
on his way to Greece, the Thasians, on account of their possessions on the mainland,
had to provide for the Persian army as it marched through their territories, the
cost of which amounted to 400 talents (92,800l.). (Herod. vii. 118.) After the
defeat of the Persians, Thasos became a member of the confederacy of Delos; but
disputes having arisen between the Thasians and Athenians respecting the mines
upon - the mainland, a war ensued, and the Athenians sent a powerful force against
the island under the command of Cimon, B.C. 465. After defeating the Thasians
at sea, the Athenians disembarked, and laid siege to the city both by land and
sea. The Thasians held out more than two years, and only surrendered in the third
year. They were compelled to raze their fortifications; to surrender their ships
of war; to give up their continental possessions; and to pay an immediate contribution
in money, in addition to their annual tribute. (Thuc. i. 100, 101; Diod. xi. 70;
Plut. Cim. 14.) In B.C. 411 the democracy in Thasos was overthrown, and an oligarchical
government established by Peisander and the Four Hundred at Athens; but as soon
as the oligarchy had got possession of the power they revolted from Athens, and
received a Lacedaemonian garrison and harmost. (Thuc. viii. 64.) Much internal
dissension followed, till at length in B.C. 408 a party of the citizens, headed
by Ecphantus, expelled the Lacedaemonian harmost Eteonicus with his garrison and
admitted Thrasybulus, the Athenian commander. (Xen. Hell. i. 1. 12, 32, i. 4.
§ 9; Dem. c. Lept. p. 474.) After the battle of Aegospotamos, Thasos passed into
the hands of the Lacedaemonians; but it was subsequently again dependent upon
Athens, as we see from the disputes between Philip and the Athenians. (Dem. de
Halon. p. 80; Philipp. Epist. p. 159.) In the Roman wars in Greece Thasos submitted
to Philip V. (Polyb. xv. 24), but it received its freedom from the Romans after
the battle of Cynoscephalae, B.C. 197 (Polyb. xviii. 27, 31; Liv. xxxiii. 30,
35), and continued to be a free (libera) town in the time of Pliny (iv. 12. s.
23).
The city of Thasos was situated in the northern part of the island,
and possessed two ports, of which one was closed. (Scylax, p. 27; Ptol. iii. 11.
§ 14.) It stood on three eminences; and several remains of the ancient walls exist,
intermixed with towers built by the Venetians, who obtained possession of the
island after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. In the neighbourhood
is a large statue of Pan cut in the rocks. No remains have been discovered of
Aenyra and Coenyra; and the mines have long ceased to be worked.
Archilochus describes Thasos as an ass's backbone overspread with
wild wood (. . . hede d host' onou rhachis hesteken, hules agrias epistephes,
Fragm. 17, 18, ed. Schneidewin), a description which is still strikingly applicable
to the island after the lapse of 2500 years, as it is composed entirely of naked
or woody mountains, with only scanty patches of cultivable soil, nearly all of
which are close to the sea-shore. (Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iv. p. 34.) The
highest mountain, called Mount Ipsario, is 3428 feet above the sea, and is thickly
covered with fir-trees. There is not enough corn grown in the island for its present
population, which consists only of 6000 Greek inhabitants, dispersed in twelve
small villages. Hence we are surprised to find it called by Dionysius (Perieg.
532) Demeteros akte; but the praises of its fertility cannot have been written
from personal observation, and must have arisen simply from the abundance possessed
by its inhabitants in consequence of their wealth. Thasos produced marble and
wine, both of which enjoyed considerable reputation in antiquity. (Athen. i. pp.
28, 32, iv. p. 129; Xen. Symp. 4 § 41; Virg. Geory. ii. 91.) The chief produce
of the island at present is oil, maize, honey, and timber; the latter, which is
mostly fir, is the principal article of export.
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ΙΑΜΠΟΛΗ (Οικισμός) ΚΟΜΟΤΗΝΗ
Dampolis or Diampolis (Diampolis: Iamboli), a Greek town in the interior
of Thrace, to the east of Irenopolis, on the river Tonsus. (Ann. Comn. x. p. 274.)
It is probably the same place as the Diopolis of Hierocles, and the Diospolis
of Malala (ii. p. 167).
ΙΑΜΦΟΡΙΝΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΑΒΑΛΑ
Iamphorina, the capital of the Maedi, in Macedonia, which was taken
B.C. 211 by Philip, son of Demetrius. (Liv. xxvi. 25.) It is probably represented
by Vrania or Ivorina, in the tipper valley of the Morava. (Leake, Northern Greece,
vol. iii. p. 473.)
ΙΣΜΑΡΙΔΑ (Λίμνη) ΚΟΜΟΤΗΝΗ
Ismaris (Ismaris limne), a small lake on the south coast of Thrace,
a little to the east of Maronea. (Herod. vii. 169; Steph. B. s. v. Ismaros.) On
its eastern side rises Mt. Ismarus.
ΙΣΜΑΡΟΣ (Βουνό) ΚΟΜΟΤΗΝΗ
Ismarus (Ismaros), a mountain rising on the east of lake Ismaris,
on the south coast of Thrace (Virg. El. vi. 30, Georg. ii. 37; Propert. ii. 13.
5. iii. 12. 25 ; Lucret. v. 31, where it is called Ismara, as in Virg. Aen. x.
351.) Homer (Od. ix. 40,198) speaks of Ismarus as a town of the Cicones, on or
at the foot of the mountain. (Comp. Marc. Heracl. 28.) The name of the town also
appears in the form Ismaron. (Plin. iv. 18.) The district about Ismarus produced
wine which was highly esteemed. (Athen. i. p. 30; Ov. Met. ix. 641; Steph. B.
s. v.)
ΙΣΜΑΡΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΡΟΔΟΠΗ
A mountain rising on the east of lake Ismaris, on the south coast
of Thrace (Virg. El. vi. 30, Georg. ii. 37; Propert. ii. 13. 5. iii. 12. 25 ;
Lucret. v. 31, where it is called Ismara, as in Virg. Aen. x. 351.) Homer (Od.
ix. 40,198) speaks of Ismarus as a town of the Cicones, on or at the foot of the
mountain. (Comp. Marc. Heracl. 28.) The name of the town also appears in the form
Ismaron. (Plin. iv. 18.) The district about Ismarus produced wine which was highly
esteemed. (Athen. i. p. 30; Ov. Met. ix. 641; Steph. B. s. v.)
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ΚΟΜΨΑΤΟΣ (Ποταμός) ΚΟΜΟΤΗΝΗ
Compsatus (Kompsatos), a river of Thrace, which flowing through Lake
Bistonis emptied itself into the Aegean. (Herod. vii. 109.)
ΛΙΜΝΗ ΒΙΣΤΟΝΙΔΑ (Λίμνη) ΞΑΝΘΗ
Bistonis (Bistonis limne; Lagos Buru), a great Thracian lake in the
country of the Bistones, from whom it derived its name. (Strab. i. p. 59, vii.
p. 333; Ptol. iii. 11. § 7; Scymn. Chius, 673; Plin. iv. 18.) The water of the
lake was brackish (whence it is called limnothalassa), and abounded in fish. (Aristot.
H. A. viii. 15.) The fourth part of its produce is said to have been granted by
the emperor Arcadius to the convent of Vatopedi on Mount Athos. The river Cossinites
emptied itself into the lake Bistonis (Aelian, H. A. xv. 25), which at one time
overflowed the neighbouring country and swept away several Thracians towns. (Strab.
i. p. 59.)
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ΜΑΞΙΜΙΑΝΟΥΠΟΛΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΡΟΔΟΠΗ
(Maximianoupolis), a town of Thrace, formerly called Impara or Pyrsoalis (It.
Ant. p. 331), not far from Rhodope (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 4), and the lake Bistonis
(Melet. p. 439, 2; It. Hieros. p. 603; Hierocl. p. 634; Const. Porph. de Them.
ii. 1; Procop. de Aed. iv. 11; Conc. Chal. p. 96.)
ΜΑΡΩΝΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΡΟΔΟΠΗ
Maroneia. Eth. Maroneites. A rich and powerful city of the Cicones, in Thrace,
situated on the Aegean sea, not far from the lake Ismaris. (Herod. vii. 109.)
It was said to have been founded by Maron, a son of Dionysus (Eurip. Cycle. v.
100, 141), or, according to some, a companion of Osiris (Diod. Sic. i. 20); but
Scymnus (675) relates that it was built by a colony from Chios in the fourth year
of the fifty-ninth Olympiad (B.C. 540). Pliny (iv. 11. s. 18) tells us that the
ancient name was Ortagurea. The people of Maronea venerated Dionysus in an especial
manner, as we learn from their coins, probably on account of the superior character
of their wine, which was celebrated as early as the days of Homer (Od. ix. 196,
seqq.). This wine was universally esteemed all over the. ancient world; it was
said to possess the odour of Nectar (Nonnus, i. 12, xvii. 6, xix. 11), and to
be capable of mixture with twenty times its quantity of water (Hom. Od. ix. 209);
and, according to Pliny, on an experiment being made by Mucianus, who doubted
the truth of Homer's statement, it was found to bear even a larger proportion
of water. (Plin. xiv. 4. s. 6; comp. Victa Maroneo foedatus lumina Baccho, Tibull.
iv. 1. 57).
Maroneia was taken by Philip V. of Macedon in B.C. 200 ; and when
he was ordered by the Romans to evacuate the towns of Thrace, he vented his rage
by slaughtering a great number of the inhabitants of the city. (Liv. xxxi. 16,
xxxix. 24; Polyb. xxii. 6, 13, xxiii. 11, 13.) The Romans subsequently granted
Maroneia to Attalus; but they almost immediately afterwards revoked their gift,
and declared it a free city. (Polyb. xxx. 3.) By Constantine Porphyrogenitus (Them.
ii. 2), Maroneia is reckoned among the towns of Macedon. The modern name is Marogna,
and it has been the seat of an archbishopric.
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ΜΕΣΗΜΒΡΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥΠΟΛΗ
Dor. Mesambria: Eth. Mesembrianos. An important Greek city in Thrace,
situated on the coast of the Euxine and at the foot of Mt. Haemus (Scymn. Ch.
738); consequently upon the confines of Moesia, in which it is placed by Ptolemy
(iii. 10. § 8). Strabo (vii. p. 319) relates that it was a colony of the Megarians,
and that it was originally called Menebria (Menebria) after its founder Menas
; Stephanus B. (s. v.) says that its original name was Melsembria (Melsembria),
from its founder Melsas; and both writers state that the termination -bria was
the Thracian word for town. According to the Anonymous Periplus of the Euxine
Mesembria was founded by Chalcedonians at the time of the expedition of Darius
against Scythia; but according to Herodotus (vi. 33) it was founded a little later,
after the suppression of the Ionic revolt, by Byzantine and Chalcedonian fugitives.
These statements may, however, be reconciled by supposing that the Thracian. town
was originally colonized by Megarians, and afterwards received additional colonists
from Byzantiurn and Chalcedon. Mesembria was one of the cities, forming the Greek
Pentapolis on the Euxine, the other four being Odessus, Tomi, Istriani and Apolloniatae.
Mesembria is rarely mentioned in history, but it continued to exist till a late
period. (Mela, ii. 2; Plin. iv. 11. s. 18 ; Ptol. I. c.; Tab. Peut.)
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ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΑΒΑΛΑ
Neapolis. Eth. Neapolites. A town of Macedonia, and the haven of Philippi, from
which it was distant 10 M. P. (Strab. vii. p. 330; Ptol. iii. 13. § 9; Scymn.
685; Plin. iv. 11; Hierocl.; Procop. Aed. iv. 4; Itin. Hierosol.) It probably
was the same place as DATUM (Daton), famous for its gold-mines (Herod. ix. 75),
and a seaport, as Strabo (vii. p. 331) intimates: whence the proverb which celebrates
Datum for its good things. (Zenob. Prov. Graec. Cent. iii. 71; Harpocrat. s. v.
Datos.) Scylax does, indeed, distinguish between Neapolis and Datum; but, as he
adds that the latter was an Athenian colony, which could not have been true of
his original Datum, his text is, perhaps, corrupt in this place, as in so many
others, and his real meaning may have been that Neapolis was a colony which the
Athenians had established at Datum. Zenobius (l. c.) and Eustathius (ad Dionys.
Perieg. 517) both assert that Datum was a colony of Thasos; which is highly probable,
as the Thasians had several colonies on this coast. If Neapolis was a settlement
of Athens, its foundation was, it may be inferred, later than that of Amphipolis.
At the great struggle at Philippi the galleys of Brutus and Cassius were moored
off Neapolis. (Appian, B.C. iv. 106; Dion Cass. xlvii. 35.) It was at Neapolis,
now the small Turkish village of Kavallo (Leake, North. Greece, vol. iii. p. 180,
comp. pp. 217, 224), that Paul (Acts, xvi. 11) landed. The shore of the mainland
in this part is low, but the mountains rise to a considerable height behind. To
the W. of the channel which separates it from Thasos, the coast recedes and forms
a bay, within which, on a promontory with a port on each side, the town was situated.
(Conybeare and Howson, Life and Epist. of St. Paul, vol. i. p. 308.) Traces of
paved military roads are still found, as well as remains of a great aqueduct on
two tiers of Roman arches, and Latin inscriptions. (Clarke, Trav. vol. viii. p.
49.)
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ΝΕΣΤΟΣ (Ποταμός) ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
Nestus or Nessus (Nestos, Scyl. pp. 8, 29; Scymn. 672; Pomp. Mela,
ii. 2. §§ 2, 9; Plin. iv. 11, viii. 16; Nessos, Hesiod. Theog. 341; Ptol. iii.
12. § 2, iii. 13. § 7; Mestos, Zonar. ix. 28: Nesto, Turkish Karasu), the river
which constituted the boundary of Thrace and Macedonia in the time of Philip and
Alexander, an arrangement which the Romans continued on their conquest of the
latter country. (Strab. vii. p. 331; Liv. xlv. 29.) Thucydides (ii. 96) states
that it took its rise in Mt. Scomius, whence the Hebrus descended; being, in fact,
that cluster of great summits between Ghiustendil and Sofia, which sends tributaries
to all the great rivers of the N. of European Turkey. It discharged itself into
the sea near Abdera. (Herod. vii. 109; comp. Theophrast. H. P. iii. 2; Leake,
Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 215.)
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ΟΡΒΗΛΟΣ (Βουνό) ΔΡΑΜΑ
Orbelus (Orbelos, Herod, v. 16; Strab. vii. p. 329; Diodor. xx. 19
; Arrian, Anab. i. 1. § 5; Ptol. iii. 9. § 1,iii 11. § 1; Pomp. Mela, ii 2. §
2; Plin iv. 17), the great mountain on the frontiers of Thrace and Macedonia,
which, beginning at the Strymonic plain and lake, extends towards the sources
of the Strymon, where it unites with the summit called Scomius, in which the river
had its origin. The amphibious inhabitants of lake Prasias procured their planks
and piles, on which they constructed their dwellings, from this mountain. (Herod.
l. c.) Cassander, after having assisted Audoleon, king of Paeonia, against the
Illyrian Autariatae, and having conquered them, transported 20,000 men, women,
and children to Mt. Orbelus. (Diodor. l. c.) The epitomiser of Strabo (l. c.),
who lived not long before the commencement of the 11th century, applies this name
to the ridge of Haemus and Rhodope; Gatterer (Comment. Soc. Got. vol. iv. p. 99,
vol. vi. p. 33; comp. Poppo, Prolegom. in Thuc. pars i. vol. ii. p. 321), in consequence,
was inclined to believe that there were two mountains of this name. Kiepert (Karte
der Europ. Turkei) identifies Orbelus with Perin Dagh. The district called Orbelia
(Orbelia, Ptol. iii. 13. § 25), with the town Garescus derived its name from the
mountain. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 211, 463.)
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ΟΡΘΑΓΟΡΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΡΟΔΟΠΗ
A town of Macedonia, of which coins are extant. Pliny (iv. 11. s. 18) says that
Ortagurea was the ancient name of Maroneia; but we learn from an ancient geographer
(Hudson, Geogr. Min. vol. iv. p. 42) that Orthagoria was the ancient name of Stageira,
to which accordingly the coins are assigned. (Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 73.)
ΠΑΓΓΑΙΟ (Βουνό) ΚΑΒΑΛΑ
Pangaeum, Pangaeus (to Pangaion or Pangaion oros, ho Pangaios, Herod.
v. 16, vii. 112, 113; Thuc. ii. 99; Aesch. Pers. 494; Pind. Pyth. iv. 320; Eurip.
Rhes. 922, 972; Dion Cass. xlvii. 35; Appian, B.C. iv. 87, 106; Plin. iv. 18;
Virg. Georg. iv. 462; Lucan i.679), the great mountain of Macedonia, which, under
the modern name of Pirndri, stretching to the E. from the left bank of the Strymon
at the pass of Amphipolis, bounds all the eastern portion of the great Strymonic
basin on the S., and near Pravista meets the ridges which enclose the same basin
on the E. Pangaeume produced gold as well as silver (Herod. vii. 112; Appian,
B.C. iv. 106); and its slopes were covered in summer with the Rosa centifolia.
(Plin. xxi. 10; Theoph. H. P. vi. 6; Athen. xv. p. 682.) The mines were chiefly
in the hands of the Thasians; the other peoples who, according to Herodotus (l.
c.), worked Pangaeum, were the Pieres and Odomanti, but particularly the Satrae,
who bordered on the mountain. None of their money has reached us; but to the Pangaean
silver mines may be traced a large coin of Geta, king of the Edones. (Leake, Northern
Greece, vol. iii. pp. 176, 190, 212.)
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ΠΕΡΓΑΜΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΑΒΑΛΑ
A fortress in the Pieric hollow, by which Xerxes passed in his march, leaving
Mt. Pangaeum on his right. It is identified with Pravista, where the lower maritime
ridge forms a junction with Pangaeum, and separates the Pieric valley from the
plain of Philippi.
ΠΛΩΤΙΝΟΥΠΟΛΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΔΙΔΥΜΟΤΕΙΧΟ
Plotinopolis (Ptol. iii. 11. § 13). A town of Thrace, on the road
from Trajanopolis to Hadrianopolis, and connected with Heraclea by a by-road.
(Itin. Ant. pp. 175, 322.) According to the Itinerary, it was 21 miles distant
from Hadrianopolis. It was probably founded by Trajan at the same time with Trajanopolis,
and named after his consort Plotina. It was restored by Justinian. (Procop, Aed.
iv. 11.) Variously identified with Dsjisr-Erkene, Bludin, and Demotica; but Pococke
(iii. c. 4) thinks that the ruins near Uzun Kiupri belong to it.
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ΡΟΔΟΠΗ (Οροσειρά) ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ & ΘΡΑΚΗ
Rhodope (Rhodope, Herod. vi. 49; Thuc. ii. 96; Polyb. xxxiv. 19; Strab.
iv. p. 208, vii. pp. 313, 329, 331; Mela, ii. 2. § 2; Plin. iii. 29, iv. 5. s.
17; Amm. Marc. xxi. 10. § 3; Malchus, ap. Exc. de Leg. Rom. p. 90), a mountain
chain forming the W. continuation of Haemus, and the frontier between Thrace and
Macedonia, of which little more is known than the name. On its desolate heights,
the lurking places of the fierce Satrae, was the great sanctuary and oracle of
the Thracian Dionysus. As the Strymon took its sources in Rhodope (Strab. viii.
p. 331) the high ridges round Dupnitza and Ghiustendil must be assigned to Rhodope,
which may roughly be said to belong to the central of the three continuous chains,
which under the name of the Despoto Dagh branches out to the S. of the Balkan
(Haemus) at about 23° E. long.
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ΣΑΛΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΕΒΡΟΣ
Sale a town on the S. coast of Thrace, near the W. mouth of the Hebrus, and nearly equidistant from Zone and Doriscus. It is mentioned by Herodotus (vii. 59) as a Samothracian colony.
ΣΚΑΠΤΗ ΥΛΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΑΒΑΛΑ
Scapte Hyle (Skapte hule, Plut. Cim. 4, de Exilio, p. 605; Marcellin. Vit. Thucyd.
§ 19), or the foss wood, situated on the confines of Macedonia and Thrace, in
the auriferous district of Mt. Pangaeum, to which Thucydides was exiled, and where
he composed his great legacy for all ages - the history of the war in which he
had served as general.
ΣΤΡΥΜΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΜΟΛΥΒΩΤΗ
Strume. A town on the S. coast of Thrace, a little to the W. of Mesembria, between
which and Stryme flowed the small river Lissus, which the army of Xerxes is said
to have drunk dry. (Herod. vii. 108.) Stryme was a colony of Thasos; but disputes
seem to have arisen respecting it between the Thasii and the people of the neighbouring
city of Maroneia. (Philip. ap. Demos. p. 163, R.)
ΤΕΜΠΥΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΣΑΜΟΘΡΑΚΙΚΗ ΠΕΡΑΙΑ
Tempyra. Tympira, Timpirum (Ad Unimpaira). A town in the S. of Thrace, on the
Egnatian Way, between Trajanopolis and Maxiniamopolis. It was situated in a defile,
which rendered it a convenient spot for the operations of the predatory tribes
in its neighbourhood. Here the Thrausi attacked the Roman army under Cn. Manlius,
on its return, loaded with booty, through Thrace from Asia Minor (B.C. 188); but
the want of shelter exposed their movements to the Romans, who were thus enabled
to defeat them. (Liv, xxxviii. 41.) The defile in question is probably the same
as the Korpilon stena mentioned by Appian (B.C. iv. 102), and through which, he
states, Brutus and Cassius marched on their way to Philippi (Tafel, de Viae Egnatiae
Parte orient. p. 34). Paul Lucas (Trois Vog. pp. 25, 27) regards it as corresponding
to the modern Gurschine.
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ΤΟΠΕΙΡΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΞΑΝΘΗ
Toperis, (or Topirus Topeiros). A town in the SW. of Thrace, a little
NE. from the mouth of the Nestus, and a short distance W. of Abdera. In the time
of Procopius (B. G. iii. 38) it was the first of the maritime cities of Thrace,
and is described as distant 12 days' journey from Byzantium. Very little is known
about this place. In later times it was called Rhusion (Rhousion, Hierocl. l.
c.; cf. Aposposm. Geo. in Hudson. iv. p. 42; and Anna Comn. p. 212), and was the
seat of a bishopric. (Cone. Chalced.) Justinian rebuilt its walls, which had been
demolished, and made them stronger than before. (Procop. de Aed. iv. 11.) According
to Paul Lucas and Boudoue, the modern Tosbur occupies its site; but Lapie identifies
it with Kara-Giuenzi.
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ΤΡΑΪΑΝΟΠΟΛΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΕΒΡΟΣ
Traianopolis. An important town in the S. of Thrace, which was probably
founded by or in honour of the emperor Trajan, about the time when Plotinopolis
was founded, to perpetuate the name of his wife Plotina. Its exact site appears
to be somewhat doubtful. Some authorities describe it as situated on the right
bank of the Hebrus, near the pass in the range of Mount Rhodope, through which
that river flows, and about 40 miles from its mouth. Now this is the site of the
modern Orikhova, with which accordingly it is by some identified. It would be
difficult, however, to reconcile this with the various distances given in the
Itineraries: e. g. Trajanopolis is stated to be 9000 paces from Tempyra, and 29,000
from Cypsela; whereas the site above mentioned is nearly equidistant from those
assigned to Tempyra and Cypsela, being, however, more distant from the former.
But this is only one example out of many showing how extremely imperfect is our
knowledge of the geography of Thrace, both ancient and modern. In the map of the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Trajanopolis is placed on the Egnatian
Way at a considerable distance W. of the Hebrus, and at a point which fulfils
tolerably well the conditions of distance from the two places above mentioned.
Trajanopolis became the capital of the province of Rhodope, and continued
to be a place of importance until the fourth century. It is remarkable, however,
that it is not mentioned by Ammianus in his general description of Thrace; according
to him, the chief cities of Rhodope were Maximianopolis, Maroneia, and Aenus.
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ΤΡΑΥΣΟΙ (Αρχαία φυλή) ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
Trausi (Trausoi, Herod. v. 3, 4; Thrausi, Liv. xxxviii. 41), a Thracian
people, who appear, in later times at least, to have occupied the SE. offshoots
of Mount Rhodope, to the W. of the Hebrus, and about Tempyra. Herodotus tells
us that the Trausi entertained peculiar notions respecting human life, which were
manifested in appropriate customs. When a child was born, his kinsfolk, sitting
around him, bewailed his lot in having to encounter the miseries of mortal existence;
whereas when any one died, they buried him with mirth and rejoicing, declaring
him to have been freed from great evils, and to be now in perfect bliss.1
Suidas and Hesychius (s. v.) mention a Scythian tribe called the Trausi,
who, according to Steph. B. (s. v.), were the same people as the Agathyrsi. The
last-named author speaks of a Celtic race also, bearing this appellation. On this
slight foundation the strange theory has been built that the Thracian Trausi were
the original stock of the Celts; and by way of supporting this notion, its propounders
arbitrarily read Trausoi instead of Prausoi in Strabo, iv. p. 187, where Strabo
expressly says that lie was unable to state what was the original abode of the
Prausi: had he been writing about the Thracian Trausi we may safely assume that
no such ignorance would have been acknowledged. (Cf. Ukert, ii. pt. 2, p. 230.)
1 Mela has followed Herodotus very closely in the
following passage (ii. 2): Lugentur apud quosdam puerperia, natique deflentur:
funera contra festa sunt, et veluti sacra, cantu lusuque celebrantur.
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ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΙ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΑΒΑΛΑ
Philippoi: Eth. Phillippeus, Philippesios. A city of Macedonia, which
took its name from its founder, Philip, the father of Alexander. Origin. ally,
it had been called Crenides (Krenides, Strab. vii. p. 331; Appian, B.C. iv. 105,
107; Steph. B. s. v Philippoi), or the Place of Fountains, from the numerous streams
in which the Angites takes its source. Near Crenides were the principal mines
of gold in a hill called, according to Appian (l. c.) Dionysi Collis (lophos Dionusou),
probably the same mountain as that where the Satrae possessed an oracle of Dionysus
interpreted by the Bessi. (Herod. vii. 111.) Crenides does not appear to have
belonged to the Thasians in early times although it was under their dominion in
the 105th Olympiad (B.C. 360). When Philip of Macedon got possession of the mines,
he worked them with so much success, that they yielded 1000 talents a year, although
previously they had not been very productive. (Diodor. xvi. 4--8.) The old city
was enlarged by Philip, after the capture of Amphipolis, Pydna, and Potidaea,
and fortified to protect his frontier against the Thracian mountaineers. On the
plain of Philippi, between Haemus and Pangaeus, the last battle was lost by the
republicans of Rome. Appian has given a clear description of Philippi, and the
position on which Cassius and Brutus encamped. The town was situated on a steep
hill, bordered to the N. by the forests through which the Cassian army advanced,--to
the S. by a marsh, beyond which was the sea, to the E. by the passes of the Sapaei
and Corpili, and to the W. by the great plains of Myrcinus, Drabescus, and the
Strymon, which were 350 stadia in length. Not far from Philippi, was the hill
of Dionysus, containing the gold mines called Asyla; and 18 stadia from the town,
were two other heights, 8 stadia asunder; on the one to the N. Brutus pitched
his camp, and Cassius on that to the S. Brutus was protected on his right by rocky
hills, and the left of Cassius by a marsh. The river Gangas or Gangites flowed
along the front, and the sea was in the rear. The camps of the two leaders, although
separate, were enclosed within a common entrenchment, and midway between them
was the pass, which led like a gate from Europe to Asia. The galleys were at Neapolis,
70 stadia distant, and the commissariat in Thasos, distant 100 stadia. Dion Cassius
(xlvii. 35) adds, that Philippi was near Pangaeus and Symbolum, and that Symbolum,
which was between Philippi and Neapolis, was so called because it connected Pangaeus
with another mountain stretching inland; which indentifies it with the ridge which
stretches from Pravista to Kavala, separating the bay of Kavala from the plain
of Philippi. The Pylae, therefore, could be no other than the pass over that mountain
behind Kavala. M. Antonius took up his position on the right, opposite to that
of Cassius, at a distance of 8 stadia from the enemy. Octavius Caesar was opposed
to Brutus on the left hand of the even field. Here, in the autumn of B.C. 42,
in the first engagement, Brutus was successful against Octavius, while Antonius
had the advantage over Cassius. Brutus, incompetent to maintain the discipline
of his troops, was forced to fight again; and in an engagement which took place
on the same ground, twenty days afterwards, the Republic perished. Regarding the
battle a curious mistake was repeated by the Roman writers (Manil. i. 908; Ovid,
Met. xv. 824; Flor. iv. 42; Lucan, i. 680, vii. 854, ix. 271; Juv. viii. 242),
who represented it as fought on the same ground as Pharsalia,--a mistake which
may have arisen from the ambiguity in the lines of Virgil (Georg. i. 490), and
favoured by the fact of the double engagement at Philippi. (Merivale, Hist. of
Roman Empire, vol. iii. p. 214.) Augustus afterwards presented it with the privileges
of a colonia, with the name Col. Jul. Aug. Philip. (Orelli, Inscr. 512, 3658,
3746, 4064; and on coins ; Rasche, vol. iii. pt. 2. p. 1120), and conferred upon
it the Jus Italicum. (Dion Cass. li. 4.) It was here, in his second missionary
journey, that St. Paul, accompanied by Silas, came into contact with the itinerant
traders in popular superstitions (Acts, xvi. 12--40); and the city was again visited
by the Apostle on his departure from Greece. (Acts, xx. 6.) The Gospel obtained
a home in Europe here, for the first time; and in the autumn of A.D. 62, its great
teacher, from his prison, under the walls of Nero's palace, sent a letter of grateful
acknowledgment to his Macedonian converts. Philippi was [p. 600] on the Egnatian
road, 33 M. P. from Amphipolis, and 21 M. P. from Acontisma. (Itin. Anton.; Itin.
Hierosol.) The Theodosian Table presents two roads from Philippi to Heracleia
Sintica. One of the roads passed round the N. side of the lake Cercinitis, measuring
55 M. P., the other took the S. side of the lake, and measured 52 M. P. When Macedonia
was divided into two provinces by Theodosius the Younger, Philippi became the
ecclesiastical head of Macedonia Prima, and is mentioned in the Handbook of Hierocles.
The site, where there are considerable remains of antiquity, is still
known to the Greeks by its ancient name; by the Turks the place is called Felibedjik.
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ΑΒΔΗΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΞΑΝΘΗ
A town of Thrace, near the mouth of the Nestus, which flowed
through the town. It was colonized by Timesius of Clazomenae about B.C. 656, and
a second time by the inhabitants of Teos in Ionia, who settled there after their
own town had been taken by the Persians, B.C. 544. It was the birthplace of Democritus,
Hecataeus, Protagoras, Anaxarchus, and other distinguished men; but its inhabitants,
notwithstanding, were accounted stupid, and Abderite was a term of reproach.
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ΔΙΚΑΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΒΔΗΡΑ
A town in Thrace on Lake Bistonis.
ΔΟΡΙΣΚΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥΠΟΛΗ
A town in Thrace at the mouth of the Hebrus, in the midst of an extensive plain of the same name, where Xerxes reviewed his vast forces.
ΕΒΡΟΣ (Ποταμός) ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ & ΘΡΑΚΗ
(Hebros). The modern Maritza; the principal river in Thrace,
rising in the mountains of Scomius and Rhodope, and falling into the Aegaean Sea
near Aenos, after forming by another branch an estuary called Stentoris Lacus.
The Hebrus was celebrated in Greek legends. On its banks Orpheus was torn to pieces
by the Thracian women; and it is frequently mentioned in connection with the worship
of Dionysus.
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ΗΙΩΝ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΑΒΑΛΑ
A town in Thrace, at the mouth of the Strymon, twenty-five stadia from Amphipolis, of which it was the harbour.
ΘΑΣΟΣ (Νησί) ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ & ΘΡΑΚΗ
(Thasos) or Thasus. Now Thaso or Tasso. An island in the north
of the Aegaean Sea, off the coast of Thrace, and opposite the mouth of the river
Nestus. It was at a very early period taken possession of by the Phoenicians,
on account of its valuable gold-mines. According to tradition the Phoenicians
were led by Thasus, son of Poseidon or Agenor, who came from the East in search
of Europa, and from whom the island derived its name. Thasos was afterwards colonized
by the Parians, B.C. 708, and among the colonists was the poet Archilochus. The
Thracians once possessed a considerable territory on the coast of Thrace, and
were one of the richest and most powerful peoples in the north of the Aegaean.
They were subdued by the Persians under Mardonius, and subsequently became part
of the Athenian maritime empire. They revolted, however, from Athens in B.C. 465,
and, after sustaining a siege of three years, were subdued by Cimon in 463. They
again revolted from Athens in 411, and called in the Spartans; but the island
was again restored to the Athenians by Thrasybulus in 407. Some remains of the
ancient town still exist, among them the Agora and a triumphal arch.
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ΙΣΜΑΡΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΡΟΔΟΠΗ
(Ismaros) or Ismara. A town in Thrace, near Maronea, situated on a mountain of the same name, which produced excellent wine. It is mentioned in the Odyssey as a town of the Cicones. The poets frequently use the adjective Ismarius as equivalent to Thracus. Near Ismarus was Lake Ismaris.
ΚΙΚΟΝΕΣ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
A Thracian people on the Hebrus, and near the coast of the Aegean.
ΜΑΡΩΝΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΡΟΔΟΠΗ
(Maroneia). A town on the southern coast of Thrace, on the lake Ismaris, belonged originally to the Cicones, but afterwards colonized from Chios. It was celebrated for its excellent wine, and is mentioned by Homer as the residence of Maron, son of Evanthes, grandson of Dionysus and Ariadne, and priest of Apollo.
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