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ΣΑΛΑΜΙΝΑ (Νησί) ΑΤΤΙΚΗ
Salamis,-nos: Eth. and Adj. Alaminios, Salaminius: Adj. Salaminiakos,
Salaminiacus: Kuluri. An island lying between the western coast of Attica and
the eastern coast of Megaris, and forming the southern boundary of the bay of
Eleusis. It is separated from the coasts both of Attica and of Megaris by only
a narrow channel. Its form is that of an irregular semicircle towards the west,
with many small indentations along the coast. Its greatest length, from N. to
S., is about 10 miles, and its width, in its broadest part, from E. to W., is
a little more. Its length is correctly given by Strabo (ix. p. 393) as from 70
to 80 stadia. In ancient times it is said to have been called Pityussa (Rhituoussa),
from the pines which grew there, and also Sciras (Skiras) and Cychreia (Kuchreia),
from the names of two heroes Scirus and Cychreus. The former was a native hero,
and the latter a seer, who came from Dodona to Athens, and perished along with
Erechtheus in fighting against Eumolpus. (Strab. ix. p. 393; Paus. i. 36. § 1;
Philochor. ap. Plut. Thes. 17.) The latter name was perpetuated in the island,
for Aeschylus (Pers. 570) speaks of the aktai Kuchreiai, and Stephanus B. mentions
a Kuchreios tagos. The island is said to have obtained the name of Salamis from
the mother of Cychreus, who was also a daughter of Asopus. (Paus. i. 35. § 2.)
It was colonised at an early period by the Aeacidae of Aegina. Telamon, the son
of Aeacus, fled thither after the murder of his half-brother Phocus, and became
sovereign of the island. (Paus. i. 35. § 1.) His son Ajax accompanied the Greeks
with 12 Salaminian ships to the Trojan War. (Horn. Il. ii. 557.) Salamis continued
to be an independent state till about the beginning of the 40th Olympiad (B.C.
620), when a dispute arose for its possession between the Athenians and Megarians.
After a long struggle, it first fell into the hands of the Megarians, but was
subsequently taken possession of by the Athenians through a stratagem of Solon.
(Plut. Sol. 8, 9; Paus. i. 40. § 5.) Both parties appealed to the arbitration
of Sparta. The Athenians supported their claims by a line in the Iliad, which
represents Ajax ranging his ships with those of the Athenians (Il. ii. 558), but
this verse was suspected to have been an interpolation of Solon or Peisistratus;
and the Megarians cited another version of the line. The Athenians, moreover,
asserted that the island had been made over to them by Philaeus and Eurysaces,
sons of the Telamonian Ajax, when they took up their own residence in Attica.
These arguments were considered sufficient, and Salamis was adjudged to the Athenians.
(Plut. Sol. 10; Strab. ix. p. 394.) It now became an Attic demus, and continued
incorporated with Attica till the times of Macedonian supremacy. In B.C. 318,
the inhabitants voluntarily received a Macedonian garrison, after having only
a short time before successfully resisted Cassander. (Diod. xviii. 69; Polyaen.
Strat. iv. 11. § 2; Paus. i. 35. § 2.) It continued in the hands of the Macedonians
till B.C. 232, when the Athenians, by the assistance of Aratus, purchased it from
the Macedonians together with Munychia and Sunium. Thereupon the Salaminians were
expelled from the island, and their lands divided among Athlenian cleruchi. (Plut.
Arat. 34; Paus. ii. 8. § 6; Bockh, Inscr. vol. i. p. 148, seq.) From that time
Salamis probably continued to be a dependency of Athens, like Aegina and Oropus;
since the grammarians never call it a demos, which it had been originally, but
generally a polis.
The old city of Salamis, the residence of the Telamonian Ajax, stood
upon the southern side of the island towards Aegina (Strab. ix. p. 393), and is
identified by Leake with the remains of some Hellenic walls upon the south-western
coast near a small port, where is the only rivulet in the island, perhaps answering
to the Bocarus or Bocalias of Strabo (ix. p. 394; Leake, Demi, p. 169). The Bocarus
is also mentioned by Lycophron (451). In another passage, Strabo (ix. p. 424)
indeed speaks of a river Cephissus in Salamis; but as it occurs only in an enumeration
of various rivers of this name, and immediately follows the Athlenian Cephissus
without any mention being made of the Eleusinian Cephissus, we ought probably
to read with Leake en Eleusini instead of en Salamini.
When Salamis became an Athenian demus, a new city was built at the
head of a bay upon the eastern side of the island, and opposite the Attic coast.
In the time of Pausanias this city also had fallen into decay. There remained,
however, a ruined agora and a temple of Ajax, containing a statue of the hero
in ebony; also a temple of Artemis, the trophy erected in honour of the victory
gained over the Persians, and a temple of Cychreus. (Paus. i. 35. § 3, 36. § 1.)
Pausanias has not mentioned the statue of Solon, which was erected in the agora,
with one hand covered by his mantle. (Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 420; Aeschin. in Tim.
p. 52.) There are still some remains of the city close to the village of Ambelakia.
A portion of the walls may still be traced; and many ancient fragments are found
in the walls and churches both of Ambelakia and of the neighbouring village of
Kuluri, from the latter of which the modern name of the island is derived. The
narrow rocky promontory now called Cape of St. Barbara, which forms the SE. entrance
to the bay of Ambelakia, was the Sileniae (Sileniai) of Aeschylus, afterwards
called Tropaea (Tropaia), on account of the trophy erected there in memory
of the victory. (Asch. Pers. 300, with Schol.) At the extremity of this promontory
lay the small island of Psytalleia (Psuttaleia), now called Lipsokutali,
about a mile long, and from 200 to 300 yards wide. It was here that a picked body
of Persian troops was cut to pieces by Aristeides during the battle of Salamis.
(Herod. viii. 95; Aesch. Pers. 447, seq.; Plut. Arist. 9; Paus. i. 36. § 2, iv.
36. § 3; Strab. ix. p. 393; Plin. iv. 12. s. 20; Steph. B. s. v.)
In Salamis there was a promontory Sciradium (Skiradion), containing
a temple of the god of war, erected by Solon, because he there defeated the Megarians.
(Plut. Sol. 9.) Leake identifies this site with the temple of Athena Sciras, to
which Adeimantus, the Corinthian, is said to have fled at the commencement of
the battle of Salamis (Herod. viii. 94); and, as the Corinthians could not have
retreated through the eastern opening of the strait, which was the centre of the
scene of action, Leake supposes Sciradium to have been the south-west promontory
of Salamis, upon which now stands a monastery of the Virgin. This monastery now
occupies the site of a Hellenic building, of which remains are still to be seen.
Budorum (Bondoron or Boudooron) was the name of the western
promontory of Salamis, and distant only three miles from Nisaea, the port of Megara.
On this peninsula there was a fortress of the same name. In the attempt which
the Peloponnesians made in B.C. 429 to surprise Peiraeeus, they first sailed from
Nisaea to the promontory of Budorum, and surprised the fortress; but after overrunning
the island, they retreated without venturing to attack Peiraeeus. (Thuc. ii. 93,
94, iii. 51; Diod. xii. 49; Strab. xi. p. 446; Steph. B. s. v. Boudoron.)
Salamis is chiefly memorable on account of the great battle fought
off its coast, in which the Persian fleet of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks,
B.C. 480. The details of this battle are given in every history of Greece, and
need not be repeated here. The battle took place in the strait between the eastern
part of the island and the coast of Attica, and the position of the contending
forces is shown in the annexed plan. The Grecian fleet was drawn up in the small
bay in front of the town of Salamis, and the Persian fleet opposite to them off
the coast of Attica. The battle was witnessed by Xerxes from the Attic coast,
who had erected for himself a lofty throne on one of the projecting declivities
of Mt. Aegaleos. Colonel Leake has discussed at length all the particulars of
the battle, but Mr. Blakesley has controverted many of his views, following the
authority of Aeschylus in preference to that of Herodotus. In opposition to Col.
Leake and all preceding authorities, Mr. Blakesley supposes, that though the hostile
fleets occupied in the afternoon before the battle the position delineated in
the plan annexed, yet that on the morning of the battle the Greeks were drawn
up across the southern entrance of the strait, between the Cape of St. Barbara
and the Attic coast, and that the Persians were in the more open sea to the south.
Into the discussion of this question our limits prevent us from entering; and
we must refer our readers for particulars to the essays of those writers quoted
at the close of this article. There is, however, one difficulty which must not
be passed over in silence. Herodotus says (viii. 76) that on the night before
the battle, the Persian ships stationed about Ceos and Cynosura moved up, and
beset the whole strait as far as Munychia. The only known places of those names
are the island of Ceos, distant more than 40 geographical miles from Salamis,
and the promontory of Cynosura, immediately N. of the bay of Marathon, and distant
more than 60 geographical miles from Salamis. Both of those places, and more especially
Cynosura, seem to be too distant to render the movement practicable in the time
required. Accordingly many modern scholars apply the names Ceos and Cynosura to
two promontories, the southernmost and south-easternmost of the island of Salamis,
and they are so called in Kiepert's maps. But there is no authority whatever for
giving those names to two promontories in the island; and it is evident from the
narrative, as Mr. Grote has observed, that the names of Ceos and Cynosura must
belong to some points in Attica, not in Salamis. Mr. Grote does not attempt to
indicate the position of these places; but Mr. Blakesley maintains that Ceos and
Cynosura are respectively the well-known island and cape, and that the real difficulty
is occasioned, not by their distance, but by the erroneous notion conceived by
Herodotus of the operations of the Persian fleet.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΣΑΛΑΜΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΤΤΙΚΗ
The old city of Salamis, the residence of the Telamonian Ajax, stood
upon the southern side of the island towards Aegina (Strab. ix. p. 393), and is
identified by Leake with the remains of some Hellenic walls upon the south-western
coast near a small port, where is the only rivulet in the island, perhaps answering
to the Bocarus or Bocalias of Strabo (ix. p. 394; Leake, Demi, p. 169). The Bocarus
is also mentioned by Lycophron (451). In another passage, Strabo (ix. p. 424)
indeed speaks of a river Cephissus in Salamis; but as it occurs only in an enumeration
of various rivers of this name, and immediately follows the Athlenian Cephissus
without any mention being made of the Eleusinian Cephissus, we ought probably
to read with Leake en Eleusini instead of en Salamini.
When Salamis became an Athenian demus, a new city was built at the
head of a bay upon the eastern side of the island, and opposite the Attic coast.
In the time of Pausanias this city also had fallen into decay. There remained,
however, a ruined agora and a temple of. Ajax, containing a statue of the hero
in ebony; also a temple of Artemis, the trophy erected in honour of the victory
gained over the Persians, and a temple of Cychreus. (Paus. i. 35. § 3, 36. § 1.)
Pausanias has not mentioned the [p. 878] statue of Solon, which was erected in
the agora, with one hand covered by his mantle. (Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 420; Aeschin.
in Tim. p. 52.) There are still some remains of the city close to the village
of Ambelakia. A portion of the walls may still be traced; and many ancient fragments
are found in the walls and churches both of Ambelakia and of the neighbouring
village of Kuluri, from the latter of which the modern name of the island is derived.
The narrow rocky promontory now called Cape of St. Barbara, which forms the SE.
entrance to the bay of Ambelakia, was the Sileniae (Sileniai) of Aeschylus, afterwards
called Tropaea (Tropaia), on account of the trophy erected there in memory of
the victory. (Asch. Pers. 300, with Schol.) At the extremity of this promontory
lay the small island of Psytalleia (Psuttaleia), now called Lipsokutali, about
a mile long, and from 200 to 300 yards wide. It was here that a picked body of
Persian troops was cut to pieces by Aristeides during the battle of Salamis.(Herod.
viii. 95; Aesch. Pers. 447, seq.; Plut. Arist. 9; Paus. i. 36. § 2, iv. 36. §
3; Strab. ix. p. 393; Plin. iv. 12. s. 20; Steph. B. s. v.)
This extract is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΜΑΚΡΟΝΗΣΟΣ (Νησάκι) ΣΑΛΑΜΙΝΑ
(Helene). A deserted and rugged island in the Aegean, opposite to Thoricus, and
extending from that parallel to Sunium. It received its name from the circumstance
of Paris having landed on it, as was said, in company with Helen, when they were
fleeing from Sparta. Strabo, who follows Artemidorus, conceived it to be the Cranae
of Homer. Pliny calls it Macris. The modern name is Macronisi.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΣΑΛΑΜΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΤΤΙΚΗ
Classical Salamis, occupied by Athenian settlers, was "on a peninsula-like
place" (Strab. 9.1.9, C.393), that is, on the promontory between Kamatero
and Ambelaki Bay, facing Attica, where travelers 150 years ago saw remains of
fortifications, public buildings, and roads. A decree of the thiasotai of Artemis
was found on the acropolis and her precinct extended to the N shore by Kamatero
(Hdt. 8.77). A trophy in the town was probably on the tip of the promontory (Paus.
1.36.1). Its harbor was in Ambelaki Bay and the agora was probably on the level
ground at the head of the bay, where walls are still visible. A Precinct of Ajax
was in this vicinity (Paus. 1.35.3). Lines of walls which are discernible under
the water show that here as elsewhere the level of the sea has risen since antiquity,
probably by some 150 cm. Early travelers reported a fortification wall extending
from E of the harbor to the base of Cape Varvara, the ancient Cape Kynosoura.
From there the wall followed the ridge of the cape as far as a mound, itself fortified,
known as the Magoula. On the S side of the cape near its base there are remains
of a tower, 5th or 4th c. B.C. in date. Two-thirds of the way down the cape the
foundations of what was probably a marble trophy were noted by early travelers.
Another trophy was set up on an island called Psyttalia (Plut. Arist. 9). The
three trophies indicate the scene of the Battle of Salamis in 480 B.C. when the
Persians were decisively defeated. The trophies at Salamis and on Cape Kynosoura
suggest that the battle was fought inside the channel. The island Psyttalia has
been identified with Haghios Georghios in mid-channel (Hammond, Broadhead) or
with Lipsokoutali outside the channel towards Peiraeus (Pritchett, Wallace).
In the vicinity of the Naval Arsenal early travelers noted the foundations
of temples, and the remains of terracing which are probably ancient. Some have
proposed to locate the Temple of Athena Skiras there, but a position farther N
on Cape Arapis is more probable (Hdt. 8.94.2). There are some small forts on the
coast, undoubtedly built as strongpoints against raiders from the sea; there are
similar forts in Attica. One is on the promontory facing Megara; it may be identified
with the Boudoron of Thucydides (2.94.3 and 3.51.2; W. McLeod). Another is on
the S coast near Peristeria Bay, facing Aegina (Milchhofer).
N.G.L. Hammond, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains 17 image(s), bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
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