| May 26, 2013 |
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| Mythology
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| Eponymous founders or settlers |
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Lacedaemon and Sparta
Lacedaemon; son of Zeus and Taygete, king of Laconia, founds Sparta, founds sanctuary of two Graces, father of Amyclas and Eurydice, his descendants, his shrine at Alesiae, the country named after him. Sparta; daughter of Eurotas, wife of Lacedaemon, her statue at Amyclae.
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Artemis Aeginaea
Aeginaea (Aiginaia, a surname of Artemis, under which she was worshipped at Sparta (Paus. iii. 14.3). It means either the huntress of chamois, or the wielder of the javelin (aiganea).
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Hera Aegophagus
Aegophagus (Aigophagos), the goat-eater, a surname of Hera, under which she was worshipped by the Lacedaemonians. (Paus. iii. 15.7; Hesych)
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Zeus Agamemnon
Agamemnon A surname of Zeus, under which he was worshipped at Sparta. (Lycophr. 335, with the School.; Eustath. ad Il. ii. 25.) Eustathius thinks that the god derived this name from the resemblance between him and Agamemnon; while others believe that it is a mere epithet signifying the Eternal, from agan and menon.
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Zeus Agetor
Agetor, a surname given to several gods, for instance:
to Zeus at Lacedaemon (Stob. Serm. 42). The name seems to describe Zeus as the
leader and ruler of men; but others think, that it is synonymous with Agamemnon,
to Apollo (Eurip. Med. 426) where however Elmsley and others prefer haletor,
to Hermes, who conducts the souls of men to the lower world. Under this name Hermes
had a statue at Megalopolis (Paus. viii. 34).
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Aphrodite Ambologera
Ambologera, from anaballo and geras " delaying old age," as a surname of Aphrodite, who had a statue at Sparta under this name. (Paus. iii. 18.1; Plut. Sympos. iii. 6)
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Ambulia, Ambulius, Ambulii
Ambulia, Ambulius, Ambulii (Amboulia, Amboulioi, and Amboulios), surnames under which the Spartans worshipped Athena, the Dioscuri, and Zeus (Paus. iii. 13.4). The meaning of the name is uncertain, but it has been supposed to be derived from dnaballo, and to designate those divinities as the delayers of death.
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Aphrodite Areia
Areia, the warlike, a surname of Aphrodite, when represented in full armour like Ares, as was the case at Sparta. (Paus. iii. 17.5)
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Zeus Evanemus
Evanemus, (Euanemos), the giver of favourable wind, was a surname of Zeus, under which the god had a sanctuary at Sparta. (Paus. iii. 13. 5; comp. Theocrit. xxviii. 5.)
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Athena Axiopoenos
Axiopoenos (Axiopoinos), the avenger, a surname of Athena. Under this name Heracles built a temple to the goddess at Sparta, after he had chastised Hippocoon and his sons for the murder of Oeonus. (Paus. iii. 15.4)
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Athena Chalcioecus
Chalcioecus (Chalkioikos), "the goddess of the brazen house", a surname of Athena at Sparta, derived from the brazen temple which the goddess had in that city, and which also contained her statue in brass. This temple, which continued to exist in the time of Pausanias, was believed to have been commenced by Tyndareus, but was not completed till many years later by the Spartan artist Gitiadas. (Paus. iii. 17.3, x. 5.5; C. Nep. Paus. 5; Polyb. iv. 22). Respecting the festival of the Chalcioecia celebrated at Sparta, see Dict. of Ant. s. v. Chalkioikia.
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Poseidon Domatites
Domatites, that is, the domestic, a surname of Poseidon, at Sparta, which is, perhaps, synonymous with epichorios. (Paus. iii. 14.7.)
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Hera Hypercheiria
Hypercheiria, (Hupercheiria), the goddess who holds her protecting hand over a thing, a surname under which Hera had a sanctuary at Sparta, which had been erected to her at the command of an oracle, when the country was inundated by the river Eurotas. (Paus. iii. 13.6.)
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Artemis Cnagia
Cnagia (Knagia), a surname of Artemis, derived from Cnageus, a Laconian, who accompanied the Dioseuri in their war against Aphidna, and was made prisoner. He was sold as a slave, and carried to Crete, where he served in the temple of Artemis; but he escaped from thence with a priestess of the goddess, who carried her statue to Sparta. (Paus. iii. 18.3)
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Artemis Corythallia
Corythallia (Koruthallia), a surname of Artemis at Sparta, at whose festival of the Tithenidia the Spartan boys were carried into her sanctuary. (Athen. iv.)
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| Gods & heroes related to the location |
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Nemesis
Daughter of Ocean, turned into a goose, consorts with Zeus, turned into a swan, lays an egg, out of which Helen is hatched, mother of Helen, sanctuary and image of Nemesis at Rhamnus, temple and image at Patrae, ancient images of Nemesis wingless, in later times Nemesis represented with wings, sanctuary of two Nemeses at Smyrna, the two Nemeses daughters of Night.
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Gemini
The constellation Gemini was formed in the sky by Zeus, who wanted to reward the two brothers, Castor and Polydeuces (Pollux) for their love and loyalty to each other. This love they had proved many times, but the greatest proof was that Polydeuces (Pollux) decided to share his immortality with his brother, who had been slain in battle.
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Agis I, king of Sparta, ca. 1032 BC
Son of Eurysthenes, king of Sparta, founder of the royal family of Agiadae (Agids), 5th-4th century BC.
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Agis
Agis, king of Sparta, son of Eurysthenes, began to reign, it is said, about B.
C. 1032. According to Eusebius (Chron. i.) he reigned only one year; according
to Apollodorus, as it appears, about 31 years. During the reign of Eurysthenes,
the conquered people were admitted to an equality of political rights with the
Dorians. Agis deprived them of these, and reduced them to the condition of subjects
to the Spartans. The inhabitants of the town of Helos attempted to shake off the
yoke, but they were subdued, and gave rise and name to the class called Helots.
To his reign was referred the colony which went to Crete under Pollis and Delphus
(Conon. Narr. 36). From him the kings of that line were called Agidai. His colleague
was Sous. (Paus. iii. 2.1)
| This text is from: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) (eds. William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin). Cited Oct 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks |
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Argalus
Argalus; son of Amyclas, king of Laconia.
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Aristodemus & Argea (Argeia)
Aristodemus; Heraclid, son of Aristomachus, father of Eurysthenes and Procles, husband of Argea his sons return to Peloponnese, his sons are allotted Lacedaemon. Argea; daughter of Autesion, wife of Aristodemus, king of Sparta, mother of Procles and Eurysthenes.
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Aristodemus (Aristodemos), a son of Aristomachus, and a descendant of Heracles,
was married to Argeia, by whom he became the father of Eurysthenes and Procles.
According to some traditions Aristodemus was killed at Naupactus by a flash of
lightning, just as he was setting out on his expedition into Peloponnesus (Apollod.
ii. 8.2, &c.), or by an arrow of Apollo at Delphi because he had consulted Heracles
about the return of the Heraclids instead of the Delphic oracle. (Paus. iii. 1.
§ 5.) According to this tradition, Eurysthenes and Procles were the first Heraclid
kings of Lacedaemon; but a Lacedaemonian tradition stated, that Aristodemus himself
came to Sparta, was the first king of his race, and died a natural death (Herod,
vi. 52; Xenoph. Agesil. 8.7). Another Heraclid of this name, the grandfather of
the former, is mentioned by Euripides.
| This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Oct 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks |
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Cynortas or Cynortes
Cynortas or Cynortes (Kunortes), a son of Amyclas by Diomede, and brother of Hyacinthus. After the death of his brother Argalus, he became king of Sparta and father of Oebalus or of Perieres. His tomb was shown at Sparta not fair from the Scias. (Paus. iii. 1.3, 13.1; Apollod. iii. 10.3; Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 447)
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Dion
Dion, a king in Laconia and husband of Iphitea, the daughter of Prognaus. Apollo, who had been kindly received by Iphitea, rewarded her by conferring upon her three daughters, Orphe, Lyco, and Carya, tile gift of prophecy, on condition, however. that they shuld not betray the gods nor search after forbidden things. Afterwards Dionysus also came to the house of Dion; he was not only well received, like Apollo, but won the love of Carya, and therefore soon paid Dion a second visit, under the pretext of consecrating a temple, which the king had erected to him. Orphe and Lyco, however, guarded their sister, and when Dionysus had reminded them, in vain, of the command of Apollo, they were seized with raging madness, and having gone to the heights of Taygetus, they were metamorphosed into rocks. Carya, the beloved of Dionysus, was changed into a nut tree, and the Lacedaemonians, on being informed of it by Artemis, dedicated a temple to Artemis Caryatis. (Serv. ad Virg. Ecl. viii. 30)
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Myles
Son of Lelex, second king of Laconia, invented a mill.
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Eurotas and Cleta
Eurotas; son of Lelex or Myles, third king of Laconia, drains the country. Cleta; one of the Graces.
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Eurotas, a son of Myles and grandson of Lelex. He was the father of Sparte, the wife of Lacedaemon, and is said to have carried the waters, stagnating in the plain of Lacedaemon, into the sea by means of a canal, and to have called the river which arose therefrom after his own name, Eurotas. (Paus. iii. 1.2.) Apollodorus (iii. 10.3) calls him a son of Lelex by the nymph Cleochareia, and in Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. Taugeton) his mother is called Taygete. (Comp. Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. iv. 15, Ol. vi. 46, ad Lycophl. 886.)
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Oebalus & Gorgophone
Oebalus; son of Cynortas, second husband of Gorgophone, father of Pirene and of Tyndareus, shrine of, according to some, son of Perieres, father of Hippocoon, Icarius and Arene. Gorgophone; daughter of Perseus, wife of Perieres and Oebalus, first woman who married a second time.
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Alcon (Alkon). A son of Hippocoon, and one of the Calydonian hunters, was killed, together with his father and brothers, by Heracles, and had a heroum at Sparta. (Apollod. iii. 10.5; Hygin. Fab. 173; Paus. iii. 14. § 7, 15.3)
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Hippocoon
The son of Oebalus of Sparta and of the nymph Batea. He drove his brothers Tyndareus and Icarins from home. Afterwards, in consequence of his slaying the young Oeonus, a kinsman of Heracles, he himself, with his twenty sons, was slain by Heracles in alliance with King Cepheus of Tegea. Tyndareus was thereby restored to the inheritance of his father's kingdom.
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Hippocoon had sons, to wit: Dorycleus, Scaeus, Enarophorus, Eutiches, Bucolus, Lycaethus, Tebrus, Hippothous, Eurytus, Hippocorystes, Alcinus, and Alcon. With the help of these sons Hippocoon expelled Icarius and Tyndareus from Lacedaemon. They fled to Thestius and allied themselves with him in the war which he waged with his neighbors; and Tyndareus married Leda, daughter of Thestius. But afterwards, when Hercules slew Hippocoon and his sons, they returned, and Tyndareus succeeded to the kingdom.
Commentary: According to the Scholiasts on Euripides and Homer, Icarius joined Hippocoon in driving his brother Tyndareus out of Sparta.
| This extract is from: Apollodorus, Library and Epitome (ed. Sir James George Frazer, 1921). Cited Apr 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks. |
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Hippocoon (Hippokoon). The son of Oebalus of Sparta and of the nymph Batea. He drove his brothers Tyndareus and Icarins from home. Afterwards, in consequence of his slaying the young Oeonus, a kinsman of Heracles, he himself, with his twenty sons, was slain by Heracles in alliance with King Cepheus of Tegea. Tyndareus was thereby restored to the inheritance of his father's kingdom.
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Orestes and Hermione
Orestes; son of Agamemnon, saved by Electra and brought up by Strophius, kills Clytaemnestra and Aegisthus, pursued by the Furies, he goes to Athens and is tried and acquitted in the Areopagus, bites off a finger, healed of madness at Ace, healed of madness on unwrought stone at Gythium, with Iphigenia steals image of Artemis from Tauric land, driven by a storm to Rhodes, comes to Mycenae, purified at Troezen, takes possession of Argos, adds part of Arcadia to his domains, marries Hermione or Erigone, robbed of his wife Hermione by Neoptolemus, slays Neoptolemus at Delphi, father of Tisamenus and Penthilus, succeeds to crown of Sparta, king of Achaia, friend of Pylades, migrates to Arcadia, killed by a snake at Oresteum. Hermione; daughter of Menelaus and Helen, wife of Pyrrhus and afterwards of Orestes, mother of Tisamenus.
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Tisamenus
Son of Orestes and Hermione, king of Argos and Lacedaemon, in his reign Heraclids return to Peloponnese, with Achaeans at war with Temenus and Dorians, being expelled by Heraclids settles in Achaia, slain in battle with Ionians or by the Heraclids, his bones brought from Helice to Sparta, his sons, his cousins.
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Eurysthenes and Lathria
A son of Aristodemus, who reigned conjointly with his twin-brother Procles at Sparta. It was not known which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it; and they were both appointed kings of Sparta by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedaemonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenidae, and those of Procles, Proclidae. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis , who succeeded him. His descendants were called Agidae. There sat on the throne of Sparta thirty-one kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only twenty-four of the Proclidae.
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Eurysthenes, (Eurusthenes), and Procles (Prokles), the twin sons of Aristodemus,
were born, according to the common account before, but, according to the genuine
Spartan story, after their father's return to Peloponnesus and occupation of his
allotment of Laconia. He died immediately after the birth of his children and
had not even time to decide which of the two should succeed him. The mother professed
to be unable to name the elder, and the Lacedaemonians in embarrassment applied
to Delphi, and were instructed to make them both kings, but give the greater honour
to the elder. The difficulty thus remaining was at last removed at the suggestion
of Panites, a Messenian by watching which of the children was first washed and
fed by the mother; and the first rank was accordingly given to Eurysthenes and
retained by his descendants. (Herod. vi. 51, 52.) The mother's name was Argeia,
and her brother Theras was, during their minority, their joint-guardian and regent.
(Herod. iv. 147.) They were married to two sisters, twins like themselves, the
daughters of Thersander, the Heracleid king of Cleonae, by name Lathria and Anaxandra,
whose tombs were to be seen at Sparta in the time of Pausanias (iii. 16. 5). The
two brothers are said to have united with the son of Temenus to restore Aepytus,
the son of Cresphontes, to Messenia. Otherwise, they were, according to both Pausanias
and Herodotus, in continual strife, which perhaps may give a meaning to the strange
story related in Polyaenus (i. 10), that Procles and Temenus attacked the Eurystheidae
then in occupation of Sparta, and were successful through the good order preserved
by the flute, the benefit of which on this occasion was the origin of the well-known
Spartan practice. Ephorus in Strabo (viii.) states, that they maintained themselves
by taking foreigners into their service, and these Clinton understands by the
name Eurystheidae; but Miiller considers it to be one of the transfers made by
Ephorus in ancient times of the customs of his own. Cicero (de Div. ii. 43) tells
us, that Procles died one year before his brother, and was much the more famous
for his achievements. (Compare Clinton, F. H. vol. i.; Muller, Dor. i. 5.13, 14.)
| This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Oct 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks |
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Procles & Anaxandra
Procles; twin son of Aristodemus by Argia, one of the twin brothers whence the dual kingship at Sparta began. Anaxandra; daughter of Thersander, wife of Procles.
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Anaxandra and her sister Lathria, twin daughters of Thersander, Heraclide king of Cleonae, are said to have been married to the twin-born kings of Sparta, Eurysthenes and Procles; Anaxandra, it would seem, to Procles. An altar sacred to them remained in the time of Pausanias. (iii. 16.5..)
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Sous
Son of Procles.
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Talthybiadae
... and descendants of Talthybius called Talthybiadae, who have the special privilege of conducting all embassies from Sparta.
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Children of Dioscuri
Children of Dioscuri, images of, represented on horseback on throne of Amyclaean Apollo. Anogon; Son of Castor by Hilaira.
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Megapenthes
Son of Menelaus by slave girl.
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Aletes
Son of Icarius by Periboea.
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Perilaus
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Phormio
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Dorceus
Dorceus, (Dorkeus), a son of Hippocoon, who had a heroum at Sparta conjointly with his brother Sebrus. The well near the sanctuary was called Dorceia, and the place around it Sebrion. (Paus. iii. 15.2) It is probable that Dorceus is the same personage as the Dorycleus in Apollodorus (iii. 10.5), where his brother is called Tebrus.
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Enarephorus
Enarephorus, (Enarephoros), a son of Hippocoon, was a most passionate suitor of Helen, when she was yet quite young. Tyndareus, therefore, entrusted the maiden to the care of Theseus. (Apollod. iii. 10.5; Plut Thes. 31.) Enarephorus had a heroun at Sparta. (Paus. iii. 15.2)
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Hyacinthus
Hyacinthus. A Lacedaemonian, who is said to have gone to Athens, and in compliance
with an oracle, to have caused his daughters to be sacrificed on the tomb on the
Cyclops Geraestus, for the purpose of a learned of delivering the city from famine
and the plague, under which it was suffering during the war with Minos. His daughters,
who were sacrificed either to Athena or Persephone, were known in the Attic legends
by the name of the Hyacinthides, which they derived from their father. (Apollod.
iii. 15.8; Hygin. Fab. 238; Harpocrat. s. v.) Some traditions make them the daughters
of Erechtheus, and relate that they received their name from the village of Hyacinthus,
where they were sacrificed at the time when Athens was attacked by the Eleusinians
and Thracians, or Thebans. (Snid. s.v. Parthenoi; Demnosth. Epilaph.; Lycurg.
c. Leocrat. 24; Cic. p. Sext. 48; Hygin. Fab. 46.) The names and numbers of the
Hyacinthides differ in the different writers. The account of Apollo dorus is confused:
he mentions four, and repre sents them as married, although they were sacriticed
as maidens, whence they are sometimes called simply hai parthenoi. Those traditions
in which they are described as the daughters of Erechtheus confouiud them with
Agraulos, Herse, and Pandrosos (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 211), or with the
Hyades. (Serv. ad Aen. i. 748.)
| This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Nov 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks |
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Iops
Iops, a hero who had a sanctuary at Sparta. (Paus. iii. 12. Â 4.)
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Electra
Electra, a servant of Helen, was painted by Polygnotus in the Lesche at Delphi, in the act of kneeling before her mistress and fastening her sandals. (Paus x. 25.2)
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