Εμφανίζονται 11 τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Πληροφορίες για τον τόπο στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝΑΣ Δήμος ΑΤΤΙΚΗ, ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ" .
ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝ (Αρχαίος δήμος) ΑΤΤΙΚΗ, ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ
Marathon, Eth. Marathonios. A small plain in the NE. of Attica, containing four
places, named Marathon, Probalinthus (Probalinthos Eth. Probalisios), Tricorythus
(Trikoruthos, or Trikorunthos, Trikorinthos: Eth. Trikorusios), and Oenoe (Oinoe:
Eth. Oinaios), which originally formed the Tetrapolis, one of the 12 districts
into which Attica was divided before the time of Theseus. Here Xuthus, who married
the daughter of Erechtheus, is said to have reigned; and here the Heracleidae
took refuge when driven out of Peloponnesus, and defeated Eurystheus. (Strab.
viii. p. 383; Steph. B. s. v. Tetmapolis.) The Marathonii claimed to be the first
people in Greece who paid divine honours to Hercules, who possessed a sanctuary
in the plain, of which we shall speak presently. (Paus. i. 15. § 3, i. 35. § 4.)
Marathon is also celebrated in the legends of Theseus, who conquered the ferocious
bull, which used to devastate the plain. (Plut. Thes. 14; Strab. ix. p. 399; Paus.
i. 27. § 10.) Marathon is mentioned in the Homeric poems in a way that implies
that it was then a place of importance. (Od. vii. 80.) Its name was derived from
an eponymous hero Marathon, who is described by Pausanias as a son of Epopeus,
king of Sicyon, who fled into Attica in consequence of the cruelty of his father
(Paus. ii. 1. § 1, ii. 6. § 5, i. 15. § 3, i. 32. § 4). Plutarch calls him an
Arcadian, who accompanied the Dioscuri in their expedition into Attica, and voluntarily
devoted himself to death before the battle. (Thes. 32.)
After Theseus united the 12 independent districts of Attica into one
state, the name of Tetrapolis gradually fell into disuse; and the four places
of which it consisted became Attic demi,--Marathon, Tricorythus, and Oenoe belonging
to the tribe Aeantis, and Probalinthus to the tribe Pandionis; but Marathon was
so superior to the other three, that its name was applied to the whole district
down to the latest times. Hence Lucian speaks of the parts of Marathon about Oenoe
(Marathonos ta peri ten Oinoen, Icaro-Menip. 18).
Few places have obtained such celebrity in the history of the world
as Marathon, on account of the victory which the Athenians here gained over the
Persians in B.C. 490. Hence it is necessary to give a detailed account of the
topography of the plain, in which we shall follow the admirable description of
Colonel Leake, drawing a little additional information from Mr. Finlay and other
writers.
The plain of Marathon is open to a bay of the sea on the east, and
is shut in on the opposite site by the heights of Brilessus (subsequently called
Pentelicus) and Diacria, which send forth roots extending to the sea, and bounding
the plain to the north and south. The principal shelter of the bay is afforded
by a long rocky promontory to the north, anciently called Cynosoura (Kunosoura,
Hesych., Phot., s. v. and now Stomi. The plain is about 6 miles in length and
half that breadth in its broadest part. It is somewhat in the form of a half-moon,
the inner curve of which is bounded by the bay, and the outer by the range of
mountains already described. The plain, described by Aristophanes as the pleasant
mead of Marathon (Leimona ton eroenta Marathonos, Aves, 246), is a level green
expanse. The hills, which shut in the plain, were covered in ancient times with
olives and vines (Nonn. Dionys. xiii. 84, xlviii. 18). The plain is bounded at
at its southern and northern extremities by two marshes, of which the southern
is not large and is almost dry at the conclusion of the great heats; while the
northern, which is much larger, offers several parts which are at all seasons
impassable. Both, however, have a broad, firm, sandy beach between them and the
sea. A river, now called the river of Marathona, flows through the centre of the
plain into the sea.
There are four roads leading out of the plain. 1. One runs along the
coast by the south-western extremity of the plain. (Plan, aa.) Here the plain
of Marathon opens into a narrow maritime plain three miles in length, where the
mountains fall so gradually towards the sea as to present no very defensible impediment
to the communication between the Marathonia and the Mesogaea. The road afterwards
passes through the valley between Pentelicus and Hymettus, through the ancient
demus of Pallene. This is the most level road to Athens, and the only one practicable
for carriages. It was the one by which Peisistratus marched to Athens after landing
at Marathon. (Herod. i. 62.) 2. The second road runs through the pass of Vrana,
so called from a small village of this name, situated in the southern of the two
valleys, which branch off from the interior of the plain. (Plan, bb.) This road
leads through Cephisia into the northern part of the plain of Athens. 3. The third
road follows the vale of Marathona, the northern of the two valleys already named,
in which lies the village of the same name, the largest in the district. (Plan,
cc.) The two valleys are separated from one another by a hill called Kotroni (Plan,
3), very rugged, but of no great height. This third road leads to Aphidna, from
which the plain of Athens may also be reached. 4. The fourth road leaves the plain
on the north-east by a narrow pass (Plan, dd) between the northern marsh and a
round naked rock height called Mt. Koraki or Stavrokoraki. (Plan, 4.) It leads
to Rhamnus; and at the entrance of the pass stands the village of Lower Suli.
(Plan, 12.)
Three places in the Marathonian district particularly retain vestiges
of ancient demi. 1. Vrana, which Leake supposes to be the site of the demus of
Marathon. It lies upon a height fortified by the ravine of a torrent, which descends
into the plain after flowing between Mts. Argaliki and Aforismo, which are parts
of Mt. Brilessus or Pentelicus. (Plan, 1, 2.) A little below Vrana are seen four
artificial tumuli of earth, one considerably larger than the others; and in a
pass at the back of the hill of Kotroni, which leads from the vale of Vrana into
that of Marathona, there are some remains of an ancient gate. Near the gate are
the foundations of a wide wall, 5 feet in thickness, which are traced for nearly
3 miles in circumference, enclosing all the upper part of the valley of Vrana.
These ruins are now known by the name of he mandra tes graias (the old woman's
sheepfold). Near the ruined gate Leake observed the remains of three statues,
probably those which were erected by Herodes Atticus to three favourite servants.
(Philostr. Soph. ii. 1. § 10.) Marathon was the demus of Herodes, who also died
there. The wall mentioned above was probably built by Herodes, to enclose his
property; for it would seem from Pliny that Marathon no longer existed as a town
or village a century before the time of Herodes. ( Rhamnus pagus, locus Marathon,
Plin. iv. 7. s. 11.) The early disappearance of the ancient town of Marathon would
easily cause its name to be.
The exact ground occupied by the Greek and Persian armies at the battle
of Marathon can only be a matter of conjecture. Col. Leake, whose account is both
probable and consistent, though Mr. Finlay differs from him, supposes that the
Athenian camp was in the valley of Vrana near its opening into the plain; that
on the day of battle the Athenian line extended from a little in front of the
Heracleium, at the foot of Mt. Argaliki, to the bend of the river of Marathona,
below the village of Seferi; and that the Persians, who were 8 stadia in front
of them, had their right resting on Mt. Koraki, and their left extending to the
southern marsh, which prevented them from having a front much greater than that
of the Athenians. (See Plan, AA, BB.) When the Persians defeated the Athenian
centre, they pursued the latter up one or both of the two valleys on either side
of Mt. Kotroni, since Herodotus says that the pursuit continued quite into the
interior (es ten mesogaian). Nearly at the same time the Persian left and right
were defeated; but instead of pursuing them, the Athenians returned towards the
field to the aid of their own centre. The Persian right fled towards the narrow
pass leading into the plain of Tricorythus; and here numbers were forced into
the marsh, as Pausanias relates.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΟΙΝΟΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝΑΣ
Marathon, Probalinthus (Probalinthos), Tricorythus (Trikoruthos), and Oenoe (Oinoe), four demi situated in the small plain open to the sea between Mt. Parnes and Mt. Pentelicus, originally formed the Tetrapolis, one of the twelve ancient divisions of Attica. The whole district was generally known under the name of Marathon
ΤΡΙΚΟΡΥΘΟΣ (Αρχαίος δήμος) ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝΑΣ
Marathon, Probalinthus (Probalinthos), Tricorythus (Trikoruthos), and Oenoe (Oinoe), four demi situated in the small plain open to the sea between Mt. Parnes and Mt. Pentelicus, originally formed the Tetrapolis, one of the twelve ancient divisions of Attica. The whole district was generally known under the name of Marathon
ΦΥΓΟΥΣ (Αρχαίος δήμος) ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝΑΣ
Phegaea (Phegaia), the name of two demi of uncertain site. (Steph.; Harpocr.; Suid.; Etym. M.; Phot.; Hesych.) It is probable, however, that Stephanus speaks of one of these demi, under the name of PHEGEUS, when he describes Halae Araphenides as lying between Phegeus near Marathon and Brauron. (Steph. s. v. Halai.)
ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝ (Αρχαίος δήμος) ΑΤΤΙΚΗ, ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ
Marathon. A deme of Attica, belonging to the tribe Leontis, was situated
near a bay on the east coast of Attica, twenty-two miles from Athens by one road,
and twenty-six miles by another. It originally belonged to the Attic tetrapolis,
and is said to have derived its name from the hero Marathon. This hero, according
to one account, was the son of Epopeus, king of Sicyon, who having been expelled
from Peloponnesus by the violence of his father, settled in Attica; while, according
to another account, he was an Arcadian who took part in the expedition of the
Tyndaridae against Attica, and devoted himself to death before the battle.
The site of the ancient town of Marathon was probably not at
the modern village of Marathon, but at a place called Vrana, a little to the south
of Marathon. Marathon was situated in a plain, which extends along the sea-shore,
about six miles in length, and from three miles to one mile and a half in breadth.
It is surrounded on the other three sides by rocky hills and rugged mountains.
Two marshes bound the extremity of the plain; the northern is more than a square
mile in extent, but the southern is much smaller, and is almost dry at the conclusion
of the great heats. Through the centre of the plain runs a small brook. In this
plain was fought the celebrated battle between the Persians and Athenians, August
12th, B.C. 490. The Persians, numbering some 100,000 men, were drawn up on the
plain, and the Athenians, 10,000 strong, under Miltiades, on some portion of the
high ground above the plain; but the exact ground occupied by the two armies cannot
be identified, notwithstanding the investigations of modern travellers. The Athenians
lost 192 men, the Persians 6400. The tumulus or mound, raised over the Athenians
who fell in the battle, is still to be seen. It is an isolated knoll in the plain,
about 40 feet in height and 600 feet in circumference. Excavations made by Schliemann
and others yielded nothing until 1890, when, under the direction of the Greek
Archaeological Society, a number of vases of the fifth century B.C. and burned
bones were found, undoubtedly those of the Athenians slain in the battle. The
mound is now called the Soros.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΟΙΝΟΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝΑΣ
A deme of Attica, near Marathon, belonging to the tribe Aeantis.
ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝ (Αρχαίος δήμος) ΑΤΤΙΚΗ, ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗ
This part of Attica, the four cities being Oenoe, Marathon, Probalinthos, Tricorythos
A coastal plain inhabited from very earliest times down to the end
of antiquity. Home of the Marathonian Tetrapolis (Philochorus FGH 328 F 94, 109),
it is best known as the site of the famous battle of 490 B.C. (Hdt. 6.102-16),
though Peisistratos also landed there ca. 545 (Hdt. 1.62). Pausanias described
the area in the 2d c. A.D.
The remains date from the following periods: Neolithic (cave of Pan,
Nea Makri), Early Helladic (Tsepi), Middle Helladic (Vrana), Late Helladic (tholos
tomb), archaic and Classical down to Roman (Plasi) at the presumed site of the
ancient deme. Many of the landmarks of the great battle have been securely located,
the most conspicuous of which is the soros, the tomb of the Athenians; also, the
Herakleion, the trophy, the tomb of the Plataians in Vrana (?), the charadra,
the great marsh, the Makaria spring. The estate of Herodes Atticus, or better
of Regilla, has also been found.
W. F. Wyatt Jr., ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains 26 image(s), bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
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